{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T14:02:43Z","timestamp":1788616963505,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1113007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1113007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Enteric fever is endemic in Nepal and its economic burden is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of illness due to enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) at selected sites in Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We implemented a study at 2 hospitals in Nepal to estimate the cost per case of enteric fever from the perspectives of patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers. We collected direct medical, nonmedical, and indirect costs per blood culture\u2013confirmed case incurred by patients and their caregivers from illness onset until after enrollment and 6 weeks later. We estimated healthcare provider direct medical economic costs based on quantities and prices of resources used to diagnose and treat enteric fever, and procedure frequencies received at these facilities by enrolled patients. We collected costs in Nepalese rupees and converted them into 2018 US dollars.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We collected patient and caregiver cost of illness information for 395 patients, with a median cost of illness per case of $59.99 (IQR, $24.04\u2013$151.23). Median direct medical and nonmedical costs per case represented ~3.5% of annual individual labor income. From the healthcare provider perspective, the average direct medical economic cost per case was $79.80 (range, $71.54 [hospital B], $93.43 [hospital A]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Enteric fever can impose a considerable economic burden on patients, caregivers, and health facilities in Nepal. These new estimates of enteric fever cost of illness can improve evaluation and modeling of the costs and benefits of enteric fever\u2013prevention measures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,5]],"date-time":"2020-09-05T04:54:10Z","timestamp":1599281650000},"page":"S306-S318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Nepal: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelly","family":"Mejia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiwo","family":"Abimbola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason R","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"Vaidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipesh","family":"Tamrakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal"},{"name":"Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sailesh","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajani","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise O","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Epidemiology, Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashmira","family":"Date","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah W","family":"Pallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020120620510070400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020120620510070400_CIT0002","volume-title":"Prevention Effectiveness: A Guide to Decision Analysis and Economic Evaluation","author":"Haddix","year":"2003"},{"key":"2020120620510070400_CIT0003","first-page":"153","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper\u2014March 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