{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:42:36Z","timestamp":1791592956832,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]],"date-time":"2020-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-2009-StG-243149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2009-StG-243149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001732","name":"Danish National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DNRF108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DNRF108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2002 and 2014, Guinea-Bissau had 17 national campaigns with oral polio vaccine (OPV) as well as campaigns with vitamin A supplementation (VAS), measles vaccine (MV), and H1N1 influenza vaccine. We examined the impact of these campaigns on child survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the mortality rate between 1 day and 3 years of age of all children in the study area. We used Cox models with age as underlying time to calculate adjusted mortality rate ratios (MRRs) between \u201cafter-campaign\u201d mortality and \u201cbefore-campaign\u201d mortality, adjusted for temporal change in mortality and stratified for season at risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality was lower after OPV-only campaigns than before, with an MRR for after-campaign vs before-campaign being 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], .67\u2013.85). Other campaigns did not have similar effects, the MRR being 1.22 (95% CI, 1.04\u20131.44) for OPV + VAS campaigns, 1.39 (95% CI, 1.20\u20131.61) for VAS-only campaigns, 1.32 (95% CI, 1.09\u20131.60) for MV + VAS campaigns, and 1.13 (95% CI, .86\u20131.49) for the H1N1 campaign. Thus, all other campaigns differed significantly from the effect of OPV-only campaigns. Effects did not differ for trivalent, bivalent, or monovalent strains of OPV. With each additional campaign of OPV only, the mortality rate declined further (MRR, 0.86 [95% CI, .81\u2013.92] per campaign). With follow-up to 3 years of age, the number needed to treat to save 1 life with the OPV-only campaign was 50 neonates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OPV campaigns can have a much larger effect on child survival than otherwise assumed. Stopping OPV campaigns in low-income countries as part of the endgame for polio infection may increase child mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T15:19:20Z","timestamp":1600442360000},"page":"e596-e603","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["National Immunization Campaigns With Oral Polio Vaccine May Reduce All-cause Mortality: An Analysis of 13 Years of Demographic Surveillance Data From an Urban African Area"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ane B\u00e6rent","family":"Fisker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau"},{"name":"OPEN, Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark\/Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau"},{"name":"OPEN, Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark\/Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amabelia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine Stabell","family":"Benn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OPEN, Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark\/Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Aaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau"},{"name":"OPEN, Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark\/Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021051810394927800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.04.004","article-title":"A small jab\u2014a big effect: nonspecific immunomodulation by vaccines","volume":"34","author":"Benn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2021051810394927800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202870109","article-title":"Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"109","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021051810394927800_CIT0003","author":"Higgins"},{"key":"2021051810394927800_CIT0004","first-page":"233","article-title":"Strategic","volume":"89","year":"2014","journal-title":"Non-specific effects of vaccines on childhood mortality. 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