{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:58:38Z","timestamp":1791849518665,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can cause severe illness and death. Predictors of poor outcome collected on hospital admission may inform clinical and public health decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective observational cohort investigation of 297 adults admitted to 8 academic and community hospitals in Georgia, United States, during March 2020. Using standardized medical record abstraction, we collected data on predictors including admission demographics, underlying medical conditions, outpatient antihypertensive medications, recorded symptoms, vital signs, radiographic findings, and laboratory values. We used random forest models to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for predictors of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with age &amp;lt;45 years, ages 65\u201374 years and \u226575 years were predictors of IMV (aORs, 3.12 [95% CI, 1.47\u20136.60] and 2.79 [95% CI, 1.23\u20136.33], respectively) and the strongest predictors for death (aORs, 12.92 [95% CI, 3.26\u201351.25] and 18.06 [95% CI, 4.43\u201373.63], respectively). Comorbidities associated with death (aORs, 2.4\u20133.8; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.05) included end-stage renal disease, coronary artery disease, and neurologic disorders, but not pulmonary disease, immunocompromise, or hypertension. Prehospital use vs nonuse of angiotensin receptor blockers (aOR, 2.02 [95% CI, 1.03\u20133.96]) and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (aOR, 1.91 [95% CI, 1.03\u20133.55]) were associated with death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjustment for patient and clinical characteristics, older age was the strongest predictor of death, exceeding comorbidities, abnormal vital signs, and laboratory test abnormalities. That coronary artery disease, but not chronic lung disease, was associated with death among hospitalized patients warrants further investigation, as do associations between certain antihypertensive medications and death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T19:29:13Z","timestamp":1600802953000},"page":"e4141-e4151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Predictors at Admission of Mechanical Ventilation and Death in an Observational Cohort of Adults Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Brendan R","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"United States Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy A W","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavithra","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Rossow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"United States Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 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Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sapna","family":"Bamrah Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"United States Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Rogers-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso C","family":"Hernandez-Romieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Tobin-D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherie","family":"Drenzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Hollberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"William M","family":"Sewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack D","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, Georgia, 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