{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:51:49Z","timestamp":1780537909666,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of sepsis and meningitis in infants &amp;lt;90 days. In this study, the burden of GBS disease and mortality in young infants in England was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using linked hospitalization records from every National Health Service (NHS) hospital from April 1, 1998 to March 31, 2017, we calculated annual GBS incidence in infants aged &amp;lt;90 days and, using regression models, compared their perinatal factors, rates of hospital-recorded disease outcomes, and all-cause infant mortality rates with those of the general infant population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>15 429 infants aged &amp;lt;90 days had a hospital-recorded diagnosis of GBS, giving an average annual incidence of 1.28 per 1000 live births (95% CI 1.26\u20131.30) with no significant trend over time. GBS-attributable mortality declined significantly from 0.044 (95% CI .029\u2013.065) per 1000 live births in 2001 to 0.014 (95% CI .010\u2013.026) in 2017 (annual percentage change \u22126.6, 95% CI \u22129.1 to \u22124.0). Infants with GBS had higher relative rates of visual impairment (HR 7.0 95% CI 4.1\u201312.1), cerebral palsy (HR 9.3 95% CI 6.6\u201313.3), hydrocephalus (HR 17.3 95% CI 13.8\u201321.6), and necrotizing enterocolitis (HR 18.8 95% CI 16.7\u201321.2) compared with those without GBS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Annual rates of GBS disease in infants have not changed over 19 years. The reduction in mortality is likely multifactorial and due to widespread implementation of antibiotics in at-risk mothers and babies, as well as advances in managing acutely unwell infants. New methods for prevention, such as maternal vaccination, must be prioritized.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T19:12:29Z","timestamp":1601061149000},"page":"e791-e798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Group B Streptococcal Disease in England (1998 \u2013 2017): A Population-based Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Seilesh","family":"Kadambari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline L","family":"Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United 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