{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T08:36:43Z","timestamp":1771058203297,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institutes on Drug Abuse","award":["R01-DA041747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DA041747"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institutes on Drug Abuse"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers of Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Pew Charitable Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005227","name":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004851","name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014848","name":"Arnold Ventures","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cigna Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA049644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA049644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 DA019829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 DA019829"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Widespread viral and serological testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may present a unique opportunity to also test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We estimated the potential impact of adding linked, opt-out HIV testing alongside SARS-CoV-2 testing on the HIV incidence and the cost-effectiveness of this strategy in 6 US cities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using a previously calibrated dynamic HIV transmission model, we constructed 3 sets of scenarios for each city: (1) sustained current levels of HIV-related treatment and prevention services (status quo); (2) temporary disruptions in health services and changes in sexual and injection risk behaviors at discrete levels between 0%\u201350%; and (3) linked HIV and SARS-CoV-2 testing offered to 10%\u201390% of the adult population in addition to Scenario 2. We estimated the cumulative number of HIV infections between 2020\u20132025 and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of linked HIV testing over 20 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the absence of linked, opt-out HIV testing, we estimated a total of a 16.5% decrease in HIV infections between 2020\u20132025 in the best-case scenario (50% reduction in risk behaviors and no service disruptions), and a 9.0% increase in the worst-case scenario (no behavioral change and 50% reduction in service access). We estimated that HIV testing (offered at 10%\u201390% levels) could avert a total of 576\u20137225 (1.6%\u201317.2%) new infections. The intervention would require an initial investment of $20.6M\u2013$220.7M across cities; however, the intervention would ultimately result in savings in health-care costs in each city.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A campaign in which HIV testing is linked with SARS-CoV-2 testing could substantially reduce the HIV incidence and reduce direct and indirect health care costs attributable to HIV.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T19:20:41Z","timestamp":1602184841000},"page":"e828-e834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Potential Epidemiological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Epidemic and the Cost-effectiveness of Linked, Opt-out HIV Testing: A Modeling Study in 6 US Cities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Piske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy S","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Czarina N","family":"Behrends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Feaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon D L","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shruti H","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mermin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa R","family":"Metsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1132-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce R","family":"Schackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffanie A","family":"Strathdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bohdan","family":"Nosyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, 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