{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:00:54Z","timestamp":1788469254550,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007192","name":"RIVM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In older adults, pneumococcal disease is strongly associated with respiratory viral infections, but the impact of viruses on Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage prevalence and load remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of influenza-like illness (ILI) on pneumococcal carriage in community-dwelling older adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated the presence of pneumococcal DNA in saliva samples collected in the 2014\/2015 influenza season from 232 individuals aged \u226560 years at ILI onset, followed by sampling 2\u20133 weeks and 7\u20139 weeks after the first sample. We also sampled 194 age-matched controls twice 2\u20133 weeks apart. Pneumococcal DNA was detected with quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays targeting the piaB and lytA genes in raw and in culture-enriched saliva. Bacterial and pneumococcal abundances were determined in raw saliva with 16S and piaB quantification.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of pneumococcus-positive samples was highest at onset of ILI (42\/232 [18%]) and lowest among controls (26\/194 [13%] and 22\/194 [11%] at the first and second samplings, respectively), though these differences were not significant. Pneumococcal carriage was associated with exposure to young children (odds ratio [OR], 2.71 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.51\u20135.02]; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), and among asymptomatic controls with presence of rhinovirus infection (OR, 4.23 [95% CI, 1.16\u201314.22]; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.05). When compared with carriers among controls, pneumococcal absolute abundances were significantly higher at onset of ILI (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.01), and remained elevated beyond recovery from ILI (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.05). Finally, pneumococcal abundances were highest in carriage events newly detected after ILI onset (estimated geometric mean, 1.21 \u00d7 10\u22125 [95% CI, 2.48 \u00d7 10\u22127 to 2.41 \u00d7 10\u22125], compared with preexisting carriage).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ILI exacerbates pneumococcal colonization of the airways in older adults, and this effect persists beyond recovery from ILI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T19:20:41Z","timestamp":1602184841000},"page":"e2680-e2689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Influenza-like Illness Exacerbates Pneumococcal Carriage in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Willem R","family":"Miellet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janieke","family":"van Veldhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mioara A","family":"Nicolaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Care, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Mariman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hester J","family":"Bootsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thijs","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nynke Y","family":"Rots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth A M","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josine","family":"van Beek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Trzci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The 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