{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T23:53:13Z","timestamp":1793490793718,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI093856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI093856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO1-AI95383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO1-AI95383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43-TW01004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43-TW01004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Schlumberger Foundation Faculty for the Future Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although households of tuberculosis (TB) cases represent a setting for intense transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, household exposure accounts for &amp;lt;20% of transmission within a community. The aim of this study was to estimate excess risk of M. tuberculosis infection among household and extra-household contacts of index cases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a cross-sectional study in Kampala, Uganda, to delineate social networks of TB cases and matched controls without TB. We estimated the age-stratified prevalence difference of TB infection between case and control networks, partitioned as household and extra-household contacts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We enrolled 123 index cases, 124 index controls, and 2415 first-degree network contacts. The prevalence of infection was highest among household contacts of cases (61.5%), lowest among household contacts of controls (25.2%), and intermediary among extra-household TB contacts (44.9%) and extra-household control contacts (41.2%). The age-adjusted prevalence difference between extra-household contacts of cases and their controls was 5.4%. The prevalence of infection was similar among the majority of extra-household case contacts and corresponding controls (47%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most first-degree social network members of TB cases do not have adequate contact with the index case to experience additional risk for infection, but appear instead to acquire infection through unrecognized exposures with infectious cases in the community.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T19:21:48Z","timestamp":1602703308000},"page":"e3438-e3445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Excess Risk of Tuberculosis Infection Among Extra-household Contacts of Tuberculosis Cases in an African City"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Kakaire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Zalwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala Capital City Authority, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet N","family":"Sekandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trang Ho Thu","family":"Quach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eugenia","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 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