{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T03:45:50Z","timestamp":1779162350970,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1114368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1114368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1155128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1155128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"French Government\u2019s Investissement d\u2019Avenir Program"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence \u201cMilieu Inte\u0301rieur\u201d","award":["ANR-10-LABX-69-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-69-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and is a major public health problem. Clinical challenges include the lack of a blood-based test for active disease. Current blood-based tests, such as QuantiFERON (QFT) do not distinguish active TB disease from asymptomatic Mtb infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We hypothesized that TruCulture, an immunomonitoring method for whole-blood stimulation, could discriminate active disease from latent Mtb infection (LTBI). We stimulated whole blood from patients with active TB and compared with LTBI donors. Mtb-specific antigens and live bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) were used as stimuli, with direct comparison to QFT. Protein analyses were performed using conventional and digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as Luminex.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>TruCulture showed discrimination of active TB cases from LTBI (P &amp;lt; .0001, AUC = .81) compared with QFT (P = .45, AUC = .56), based on an interferon \u03b3 (IFN\u03b3) readout after Mtb antigen (Ag) stimulation. This result was replicated in an independent cohort (AUC = .89). In exploratory analyses, TB stratification could be further improved by the Mtb antigen to BCG IFN\u03b3 ratio (P &amp;lt; .0001, AUC = .91). Finally, the combination of digital ELISA and transcriptional analysis showed that LTBI donors with high IFN\u03b3 clustered with patients with TB, suggesting the possibility to identify subclinical disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>TruCulture offers a next-generation solution for whole-blood stimulation and immunomonitoring with the possibility to discriminate active and latent infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T19:40:00Z","timestamp":1602531600000},"page":"e3398-e3408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Immune Profiling Enables Stratification of Patients With Active Tuberculosis Disease or <i>Mycobacteriu<\/i>\n                  <i>m tuberculosis<\/i> Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8875-2308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darragh","family":"Duffy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Nemes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Llibre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 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