{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:34:28Z","timestamp":1792550068850,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The consensus definitions of invasive fungal diseases from the EORTC\/MSGERC were recently revised and updated. They now include consensus cutoff values for the galactomannan test that support the diagnosis of probable invasive aspergillosis. In this supplement article, we provide a rationale for these proposed thresholds based on the test\u2019s characteristics and performance in different patient populations and in different specimen types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T04:12:21Z","timestamp":1606363941000},"page":"S89-S94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Defining Galactomannan Positivity in the Updated EORTC\/MSGERC Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Toine","family":"Mercier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elio","family":"Castagnola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieren A","family":"Marr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L Joseph","family":"Wheat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E","family":"Verweij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan A","family":"Maertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1086\/323335","article-title":"Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus","volume":"34","author":"Ascioglu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1008","article-title":"Revision and update of the consensus definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"71","author":"Donnelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1086\/588660","article-title":"Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer\/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC\/MSG) Consensus Group","volume":"46","author":"De Pauw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2508","article-title":"Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis: a randomized trial","volume":"162","author":"Marr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01159-9","article-title":"Isavuconazole versus voriconazole for primary treatment of invasive mould disease caused by Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi (SECURE): a phase 3, randomised-controlled, non-inferiority trial","volume":"387","author":"Maertens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0006","first-page":"2542","article-title":"Reply to Mafaciolli and Pasqualotto","volume":"71","author":"Verweij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5424","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.12.5424-5433.1994","article-title":"Chemical and immunological characterization of the extracellular galactomannan of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"62","author":"Latg\u00e9","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.9.2489-2490.1993","article-title":"New cause for false-positive results with the Pastorex Aspergillus antigen latex agglutination test","volume":"31","author":"Kappe","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.12.009","article-title":"Galactomannan testing might be useful for early diagnosis of fusariosis","volume":"72","author":"Mikulska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00050-07","article-title":"Detection of circulating galactomannan in serum samples for diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection and cryptococcosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00856-06","article-title":"Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay cross-reactivity caused by invasive Geotrichum capitatum","volume":"44","author":"Giacchino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00310-08","article-title":"Cross-reactivity of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Cryptococcus species in the commercial Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay","volume":"16","author":"Xavier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2010.02890.x","article-title":"Gluconic acid production by Aspergillus terreus","volume":"51","author":"Dowdells","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01940-06","article-title":"Plasmalyte as a cause of false-positive results for Aspergillus galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"45","author":"Hage","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.389-394.2006","article-title":"Occurrence and kinetics of false-positive Aspergillus galactomannan test results following treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with hematological disorders","volume":"44","author":"Aubry","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00285-14","article-title":"Reduction in false-positive Aspergillus serum galactomannan enzyme immunoassay results associated with use of piperacillin-tazobactam in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Vergidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02813-15","article-title":"Plasmalyte: no longer a culprit in causing false-positive galactomannan test results","volume":"54","author":"Spriet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1086\/427070","article-title":"False-positive results of Aspergillus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for a patient with gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease taking a nutrient containing soybean protein","volume":"40","author":"Murashige","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1210430","article-title":"False positive galactomannan test after ice-pop ingestion","volume":"369","author":"Guigue","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0020","first-page":"CD007394","article-title":"Galactomannan detection for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients","author":"Leeflang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu673","article-title":"Serum galactomannan-based early detection of invasive aspergillosis in hematology patients receiving effective antimold prophylaxis","volume":"59","author":"Duarte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ555","article-title":"Galactomannan and polymerase chain reaction-based screening for invasive aspergillosis among high-risk hematology patients: a diagnostic meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Arvanitis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1086\/503427","article-title":"Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":":e43347","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043347","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of detecting galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis","volume":"7","author":"Zou","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0488","article-title":"Accuracy of BAL galactomannan in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis: a bivariate metaanalysis and systematic review","volume":"138","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.804033","article-title":"Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan alone or in combination with PCR for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in adult hematology patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Heng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00730-12","article-title":"Comparison of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay performance levels when testing serum and plasma samples","volume":"20","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.6.1612-1616.1998","article-title":"Detection of antigen in sera of patients with invasive aspergillosis: intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility. The Dutch Interuniversity Working Party for Invasive Mycoses","volume":"36","author":"Verweij","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06829.x","article-title":"Risk stratification for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"1272","author":"Herbrecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw592","article-title":"Galactomannan, \u03b2-D-glucan, and polymerase chain reaction-based assays for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in pediatric cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Lehrnbecher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.10.3900-3901.2000","article-title":"Failure to detect circulating Aspergillus markers in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease and invasive aspergillosis","volume":"38","author":"Verweij","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir731","article-title":"Invasive mold infections in chronic granulomatous disease: a 25-year retrospective survey","volume":"53","author":"Blumental","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02968-15","article-title":"Pretreatment of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples with SLsolution leads to false-negative aspergillus galactomannan levels","volume":"54","author":"Gils","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.11.005","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sample pretreatment with Sputasol(\u00ae) significantly reduces galactomannan levels","volume":"70","author":"Prattes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00345-17","article-title":"Diagnostic value of galactomannan antigen test in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from patients with nonneutropenic invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03357.x","article-title":"A prospective comparison of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in medical patients under intensive care: comparison with the diagnostic performance of galactomannan and of (1\u2192 3)-\u03b2-d-glucan chromogenic assay in serum samples","volume":"17","author":"Acosta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1999.01542.x","article-title":"Early diagnosis of central nervous system aspergillosis using polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination test, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"106","author":"Kami","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1496-1499.2002","article-title":"Aspergillus galactomannan antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid of bone marrow transplant recipients with probable cerebral aspergillosis","volume":"40","author":"Viscoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.11.003","article-title":"Aspergillus meningitis: a rare clinical manifestation of central nervous system aspergillosis. Case report and review of 92 cases","volume":"66","author":"Antinori","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02913-15","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of galactomannan antigen testing in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"54","author":"Chong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49426-0","article-title":"Galactomannan and PCR in the central nervous system to detect invasive mold disease\u2014a retrospective analysis in immunocompromised children","volume":"9","author":"Lehrnbecher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/003655400458749","article-title":"Aspergillus antigen in serum, urine and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of neutropenic patients in relation to clinical outcome","volume":"32","author":"Salonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu019","article-title":"Serum and urine galactomannan testing for screening in patients with hematological malignancies","volume":"52","author":"Duettmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02969-15","article-title":"Urine galactomannan-to-creatinine ratio for detection of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies","volume":"54","author":"Reischies","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42736","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042736","article-title":"Detection of urinary excreted fungal galactomannan-like antigens for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"7","author":"Dufresne","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0046","first-page":"1705","article-title":"Urine antigen detection as an aid to diagnose invasive aspergillosis","volume":"67","author":"Marr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01173","article-title":"Reinvestigation of carbohydrate specificity of EB-A2 monoclonal antibody used in the immune detection of Aspergillus fumigatus galactomannan","volume":"5","author":"Krylov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.12.4593-4594.2001","article-title":"Detection of galactomannan for diagnosis of fungal rhinosinusitis","volume":"39","author":"Kauffmann-Lacroix","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031205091327600_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa295","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the turbidimetric \u03b2-D-glucan assay and two lateral flow assays on serum in invasive aspergillosis","author":"Mercier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/72\/Supplement_2\/S89\/36550092\/ciaa1786.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/72\/Supplement_2\/S89\/36550092\/ciaa1786.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T05:10:52Z","timestamp":1615525852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/72\/Supplement_2\/S89\/6168268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1786","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]}}}