{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:34:41Z","timestamp":1765888481107},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"13th Five-Year Plan of the China Key Science & Technology Program","award":["2018ZX10732101-001-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10732101-001-010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Identifying young individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are unaware of their status is a major challenge for HIV control in China. To address this, an innovative, anonymous vending machine\u2013based urine self-collection for HIV testing (USCT) program was implemented in 2016 in colleges across China.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From June 2016 to December 2019, 146 vending machines stocked with urine self-collection kits were distributed on 73 college campuses across 11 provinces of China. Urine samples were collected, delivered, and tested in an anonymous manner. We analyzed the returned rate, reactive rate (likelihood of HIV screening positive), testing effectiveness (the annual number of college students living with HIV screened by USCT or other testing methods), and the spatiotemporal relationship between USCT usage and student activity per college generated from the usage of a social networking application.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among the 5178 kits sold, 3109 (60%) samples were returned; of these, 2933 (94%) were eligible for testing. The HIV reactive rate was 2.3% (66 of 2933). The average effectiveness ratio among the 34 participating Beijing colleges was 0.39 (12:31) between USCT and conventional testing methods. A strong spatiotemporal correlation between USCT numbers and online student activity was observed during school semesters in Beijing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>USCT is a powerful complement to current interventions that target at-risk students and promote HIV testing. The social networking\u2013based evaluation framework can be a guide in prioritizing at-risk target populations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T04:04:07Z","timestamp":1607486647000},"page":"e1108-e1115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Anonymous Linkage Between College Students and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Facilities: Systematic Evaluation of Urine Self-Collection for HIV Testing Initiative in China"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanqiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University Beijing, China"},{"name":"Tsinghua Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maogui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengdong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haidian District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shujia","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minghua","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaqing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alibaba Group Holding Limited, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS\/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e809","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30230-9","article-title":"The global burden of HIV and prospects for control","volume":"6","author":"Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e831","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30196-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980\u20132017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017","volume":"6","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0003","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30289-3","article-title":"Reaching the 90-90-90 target: lessons from HIV self-testing","volume":"6","author":"Celum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0005","article-title":"Progress and key challenges in implementing strategies to expand HIV testing.","author":"Mengjie","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e311","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30098-7","article-title":"The growing threat of China\u2019s HIV epidemic","volume":"3","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay0799","article-title":"HIV upsurge in China\u2019s students","volume":"364","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0008","volume-title":"Premarital sex-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors, and HIV\/AIDS of students in Nanning","author":"Fan","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1071\/SH18231","article-title":"HIV and syphilis and sexual risk behaviours among men who have sex with men attending university in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00469-y","article-title":"Interventions to improve the HIV continuum of care in China","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1612012","article-title":"An innovative vending machine-based HIV testing and intervention service in China: anonymous urine collection kits distributed at universities","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0012"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0013","first-page":"20","article-title":"Evaluation of laboratory feasibility for HIV-1 antibody detection in urine collected by a disposable urine collector [Chinese]","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS STD"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0014","first-page":"241","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of urine HIV-1 antibody tests","volume":"22","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS STD"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii72","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq224","article-title":"Quality assurance in the HIV\/AIDS laboratory network of China","volume":"39","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0016","volume-title":"National guideline for detection of HIV\/AIDS (revised in 2015)","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0017"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192255","article-title":"An innovative HIV testing service using the internet: anonymous urine delivery testing service at drugstores in Beijing, China","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1488033","article-title":"Feasibility of an internet-based HIV testing service: anonymous urine collection from men who have sex with men","volume":"30","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of men who have sex with men in mainland China (Preprint)","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-886457","article-title":"A phase 1 trial of ibrutinib plus palbociclib in previously treated mantle cell lymphoma","volume":"133","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0022","first-page":"186","article-title":"The data model","volume":"7","author":"Jenks","year":"1967","journal-title":"Int. Yearb. Cartogr."},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0023","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Willingness to use urine self-collection package for HIV testing and its concerned factors among college freshmen in Guangxi [Chinese]","volume":"26","author":"Lyu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pract Prev Med"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0024","first-page":"1229","article-title":"Qualitative research on factors of HIV testing among men who have sex with men in China based on Blued","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103790","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103790","article-title":"Acceptability of using electronic vending machines to deliver oral rapid HIV self-testing kits: a qualitative study","volume":"9","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12345","article-title":"HIV stigma and the experiences of young men with voluntary and routine HIV testing","volume":"38","author":"Knight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16044","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of community and facility-based HIV testing to address linkage to care gaps in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"528","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0028","first-page":"247","article-title":"Investigation on knowledge and acceptability about urine self-collection for HIV testing among college students","volume":"25","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS STD"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0029","article-title":"AIDS treatment and prevention: progress and challenges.","author":"Mengjie","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0030","article-title":"Diagnose of global HIV infections.","author":"Wei","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0031","first-page":"111","article-title":"Population specific sentinel surveillance for HIV infection, syphilis and HCV infection in China, during 2010- 2015","volume":"32","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis Surveill"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0032","author":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa825","article-title":"Social media-based secondary distribution of HIV\/syphilis self-testing among Chinese men who have sex with men","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0034","article-title":"An innovative vending machine-based HIV testing and intervention service: anonymous urine collection kits distributed at universities in China.","author":"He","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0035","volume-title":"Notice on strengthening the new era of HIV\/AIDS prevention education in college","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021090720250727700_CIT0036","volume-title":"Implementation plan to curb the spread of HIV\/AIDS in China (2019\u20132022)","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1816\/37532686\/ciaa1816.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/73\/5\/e1108\/40326134\/ciaa1816.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/73\/5\/e1108\/40326134\/ciaa1816.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T20:27:33Z","timestamp":1631046453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/73\/5\/e1108\/6027930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1816","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]}}}