{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:46:08Z","timestamp":1790793968699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]],"date-time":"2020-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Echinococcus multilocularis is one of the most severe and lethal parasitic diseases of humans, most often reported in Europe and Asia. Only 1 previous case has been documented in the contiguous United States from Minnesota in 1977. European haplotypes have been identified in carnivores and domestic dogs as well as recently in patients in western and central Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used immunohistochemical testing with the monoclonal antibody Em2G11 and a species-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay affinity-purified antigen Em2, as well as COX1 gene sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using pathology, immunohistochemical staining, specific immunodiagnostic testing, and COX1 gene sequencing, we were able to definitively identify E. multilocularis as the causative agent of our patient\u2019s liver and lung lesions, which clustered most closely with the European haplotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have identified the first case of a European haplotype E. multilocularis in the United States and the first case of this parasitic infection east of the Mississippi River. Given the identification of this haplotype in Canada, this appears to be an emerging infectious disease in North America.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T16:33:12Z","timestamp":1584376392000},"page":"1117-1123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["First European Haplotype of\n                    <i>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/i>\n                    Identified in the United States: An Emerging Disease?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Louis B","family":"Polish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bobbi","family":"Pritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas F E","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Gottstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise M","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela C","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.07.001","article-title":"Biology and systematics of Echinococcus","volume":"95","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.001","article-title":"Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans","volume":"114","author":"Brunetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.001","article-title":"Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis","volume":"95","author":"Deplazes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-18","article-title":"Echinococcus: advances in the 21st century","volume":"32","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.1340","article-title":"Alveolar hydatid disease. A review of clinical features of 33 indigenous cases of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in Alaskan Eskimos","volume":"29","author":"Wilson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290350024014","article-title":"Alveolar hydatid disease in Minnesota. First human case acquired in the contiguous United States","volume":"241","author":"Gamble","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000059278","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody against Echinococcus multilocularis Em2 antigen","volume":"103(Pt 1)","author":"Deplazes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001877","article-title":"Sensitive and specific immunohistochemical diagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis with the monoclonal antibody Em2G11","volume":"6","author":"Barth","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00055","article-title":"Diagnostic and followup performance of serological tests for different forms\/courses of alveolar echinococcosis","volume":"16","author":"Gottstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitology"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006002083","article-title":"Improved serodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis of humans using an in vitro-produced Echinococcus multilocularis antigen","volume":"134","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.07.012","article-title":"Molecular identification of cestodes and nematodes by COX1 gene real-time PCR and sequencing","volume":"89","author":"Poon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.245","article-title":"Genetic analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis originating from a patient with alveolar echinococcosis occurring in Minnesota in 1977","volume":"79","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.07.010","article-title":"Geographic pattern of genetic variation in the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"58","author":"Nakao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200310000-00010","article-title":"Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"16","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.107-135.2004","article-title":"Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern","volume":"17","author":"Eckert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0075:FTIAEI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Failure to identify alveolar echinococcosis in trappers from South Dakota in spite of high prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in wild canids","volume":"86","author":"Hildreth","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.161126","article-title":"Echinococcus spp. tapeworms in North America","volume":"24","author":"Cerda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014069","article-title":"Echinococcus multilocularis in North America: the great unknown","volume":"21","author":"Massolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.2307\/3281785","article-title":"Echinococcus multilocularis in Wisconsin","volume":"70","author":"Ballard","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.2307\/3281167","article-title":"Echinococcus multilocularis in Illinois and Nebraska","volume":"69","author":"Ballard","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0484","article-title":"Demonstration that a case of human alveolar echinococcosis in Minnesota in 1977 was caused by the N2 strain","volume":"92","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1814975","article-title":"European Echinococcus multilocularis identified in patients in Canada","volume":"381","author":"Massolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12326","article-title":"Public health follow-up of suspected exposure to Echinococcus multilocularis in southwestern Ontario","volume":"64","author":"Trotz-Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000054230.63568.79","article-title":"Experience of liver transplantation for incurable alveolar echinococcosis: a 45-case European collaborative report","volume":"75","author":"Koch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"2021040811225390900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.006","article-title":"The echinococcoses: diagnosis, clinical management and burden of disease","volume":"96","author":"Kern","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa245\/33414201\/ciaa245.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/72\/7\/1117\/36985695\/ciaa245.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/72\/7\/1117\/36985695\/ciaa245.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T07:23:58Z","timestamp":1617866638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/72\/7\/1117\/5810739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa245","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]}}}