{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:11:19Z","timestamp":1790190679404,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M009513\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M009513\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010088","name":"London International Development Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Horizontal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii occurs primarily via ingestion of environmental oocysts or consumption of undercooked\/raw meat containing cyst-stage bradyzoites. The relative importance of these 2 transmission routes remains unclear. Oocyst infection can be distinguished from bradyzoite infection by identification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against T. gondii embryogenesis-related protein (TgERP). These antibodies are, however, thought to persist for only 6\u20138 months in human sera, limiting the use of TgERP serology to only those patients recently exposed to T. gondii. Yet recent serological survey data indicate a more sustained persistence of anti-TgERP antibodies. Elucidating the duration of anti-TgERP IgG will help to determine whether TgERP serology has epidemiological utility for quantifying the relative importance of different routes of T. gondii transmission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We developed a serocatalytic mathematical model to capture the change in seroprevalence of non-stage-specific IgG and anti-TgERP IgG antibodies with human age. The model was fitted to published datasets collected in an endemic region of Brazil to estimate the duration of anti-TgERP IgG antibodies, accounting for variable age\u2013force of infection profiles and uncertainty in the diagnostic performance of TgERP serology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that anti-TgERP IgG persists for substantially longer than previously recognized, with estimates ranging from 8.3 to 41.1 years. The Brazilian datasets were consistent with oocysts being the predominant transmission route in these settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The longer than previously recognized duration of anti-TgERP antibodies indicates that anti-TgERP serology could be a useful tool for delineating T. gondii transmission routes in human populations. TgERP serology may therefore be an important epidemiological tool for informing the design of tailored, setting-specific public health information campaigns and interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T19:14:05Z","timestamp":1586546045000},"page":"e686-e693","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Toward Improving Interventions Against Toxoplasmosis by Identifying Routes of Transmission Using Sporozoite-specific Serological Tools"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9594-3321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"Milne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, St Mary\u2019s Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne P","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, St Mary\u2019s Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, St Mary\u2019s Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020121703251147400_CIT0001","first-page":"119","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii.","volume-title":"Foodborne parasites","author":"Hill","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020121703251147400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.693197","article-title":"A review on human toxoplasmosis","volume":"44","author":"Saadatnia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020121703251147400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1086\/521246","article-title":"Fatal outbreak of human toxoplasmosis along the Maroni River: epidemiological, clinical, and parasitological aspects","volume":"45","author":"Demar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020121703251147400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1504.081306","article-title":"Severe acquired toxoplasmosis caused by wild cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, French Guiana","volume":"15","author":"Carme","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020121703251147400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899002113","article-title":"Potential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts","volume":"122","author":"Aramini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2020121703251147400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12423","article-title":"Beyond the association. 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