{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T21:09:12Z","timestamp":1774472952412,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In 1993, the International Task Force on Disease Eradication classified the political will for typhoid eradication as \u201cnone.\u201d Here we revisit the Task Force\u2019s assessment in light of developments in typhoid vaccines and increasing antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Typhi that have served to increase interest in typhoid elimination. Considering the requisite biological and technical factors for elimination, effective interventions exist for typhoid, and humans are the organism\u2019s only known reservoir. Improvements in water supply, sanitation, hygiene, and food safety are critical for robust long-term typhoid control, and the recent Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization recommendation and World Health Organization prequalification should make typhoid conjugate vaccine more accessible and affordable in low-income countries, which will allow the vaccine to offer a critical bridge to quickly reduce burden. While these developments are encouraging, all current typhoid diagnostics are inadequate, having either poor performance characteristics, limited scalability, or both. No clear solution exists, and this should be viewed as a critical challenge to any elimination effort. Moreover, asymptomatic carriers and limited data and surveillance remain major challenges, and countries considering elimination campaigns will need to develop strategies to identify high-risk populations and to monitor progress over time. Finally, policymakers must be realistic in planning, learn from the planning failures of previous elimination and eradication efforts, and expect unforeseeable shocks and setbacks. In the end, if we assume neither unanticipated breakthroughs in typhoid control nor any chaotic shocks, history suggests that we should expect typhoid elimination to take decades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T11:12:08Z","timestamp":1592565128000},"page":"S179-S184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Assessing the Feasibility of Typhoid Elimination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey D","family":"Stanaway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phionah L","family":"Atuhebwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen P","family":"Luby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e570","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376","article-title":"The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-regression approach","volume":"11","author":"Antill\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e969","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30328-5","article-title":"Updated estimates of typhoid fever burden in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Stanaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0005","first-page":"153","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper\u2014March 2018","volume":"13","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0006","volume-title":"Typhoid vaccine prequalified","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0007","volume-title":"The eradication of infectious diseases: report of the Dahlem workshop on the eradication of infectious diseases, Berlin, March 16\u201322, 1997","author":"Dowdle","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication","volume":"42","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1993","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0009","volume-title":"The sustainable development goals report 2019","author":"Sachs","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0010","first-page":"49","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper","volume":"83","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008","journal-title":"Releve Epidemiol Hebd"},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002642","article-title":"Predicting the impact of vaccination on the transmission dynamics of typhoid in South Asia: a mathematical modeling study","volume":"8","author":"Pitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2020073002271066900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-016-0147-z","article-title":"What proportion of Salmonella Typhi cases are detected by blood culture? 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