{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:44:40Z","timestamp":1777045480139,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,24]],"date-time":"2020-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Higher density of Neisseria meningitidis carriage may be associated with transmission of the meningococcus. Our aim was to establish the impact of meningococcal B (4CMenB) vaccine on N. meningitidis carriage density.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We compared 4CMenB vaccine to control among 913 South Australian students aged approximately 15\u201318 years in a cluster randomized trial who had N. meningitidis carriage at 12 months. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected at baseline and 12 months later to detect N. meningitidis carriage. Colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU\/mL) were estimated by generating a standard curve that plotted quantitative polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold values against log-normalized CFU.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among the 913 students with N. meningitidis carriage at 12 months, there was no difference in mean carriage density between the vaccinated (n\u2005=\u2005434; 3.80 log CFU\/mL [standard deviation {SD}, 1.29]) and control group (n\u2005=\u2005479; 3.73 log CFU\/mL [SD, 1.30]; P\u2005=\u2005.51). Higher N. meningitidis carriage density at baseline was associated with an increase in the odds of persistent carriage at 12 months (n\u2005=\u2005504; odds ratio [OR] per 1.0 log CFU\/mL increase in density,\u20051.36 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.17\u20131.58]; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001). Students with baseline carriage who were vaccinated had decreased persistent N. meningitidis carriage at 12 months compared to unvaccinated students (81\/260 [31%] vs 105\/244 [43%]; OR, 0.60 [95% CI, .40\u2013.90]; P\u2005=\u2005.01).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>4CMenB vaccine did not reduce carriage density of N. meningitidis 12 months postvaccination, despite increased carriage clearance. Higher carriage density is likely to enable transmission through prolonged periods of population exposure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NCT03089086.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T12:32:15Z","timestamp":1589891535000},"page":"e99-e106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Impact of Meningococcal B (4CMenB) Vaccine on Pharyngeal <i>Neisseria meningitidis<\/i> Carriage Density and Persistence in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6490-7707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"McMillan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Directorate, South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Women and Kids, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lex E X","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Directorate, South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Turra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Directorate, South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Directorate, South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann P","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Control Branch, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Finn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Children\u2019s Vaccine Centre, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ross M","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen S","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 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