{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:15:22Z","timestamp":1782864922692,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Treatment with dabigatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, reduces the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in in vitro and in vivo models. However, it remains to be determined whether dabigatran reduces the risk of S. aureus infections in humans. We investigated the incidence rate of S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran compared with patients treated with the factor Xa-inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this observational cohort study, 112\u2005537 patients with atrial fibrillation who initiated treatment with direct oral anticoagulants (August 2011\u2013December 2017) were identified from Danish nationwide registries. The incidence rates of SAB in patients treated with dabigatran versus patients treated with the factor Xa-inhibitors were examined by multivariable Cox regression accounting for time-dynamic changes in exposure status during follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 112\u2005537 patients were included. During a median follow-up of 2.0 years, 186 patients in the dabigatran group and 356 patients in the factor Xa-inhibitor group were admitted with SAB. The crude incidence rate of SAB was lower in the dabigatran group compared with the factor Xa-inhibitor group (22.8 [95% confidence interval [CI], 19.7\u201326.3] and 33.8 [95% CI, 30.5\u201337.6] events per 10\u2005000 person-years, respectively). In adjusted analyses, dabigatran was associated with a significantly lower incidence rate of SAB compared with factor Xa-inhibitors (incidence rate ratio, .76; 95% CI, .63\u2013.93).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Treatment with dabigatran was associated with a significantly lower incidence rate of SAB compared with treatment with factor Xa-inhibitors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T19:11:13Z","timestamp":1590520273000},"page":"480-486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dabigatran and the Risk of <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> Bacteremia: A Nationwide Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Jawad H","family":"Butt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil L","family":"Fosb\u00f8l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Verhamme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A","family":"Gerds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasper","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Bundgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels Eske","family":"Bruun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders R","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paal S","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar H","family":"Gislason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Torp-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Clinical Investigation, Nordsj\u00e6llands Hospital, Hiller\u00f8d, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"K\u00f8ber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas B","family":"Olesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01962","article-title":"Staphylocoagulase is a prototype for the mechanism of cofactor-induced zymogen activation","volume":"425","author":"Friedrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7786","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811750106","article-title":"Von Willebrand factor-binding protein is a hysteretic conformational activator of prothrombin","volume":"106","author":"Kroh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04529.x","article-title":"Inhibition of staphylothrombin by dabigatran reduces Staphylococcus aureus virulence","volume":"9","author":"Vanassche","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-12-0891","article-title":"Fibrin formation by staphylothrombin facilitates Staphylococcus aureus-induced platelet aggregation","volume":"107","author":"Vanassche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01030-12","article-title":"Use of a human-like low-grade bacteremia model of experimental endocarditis to study the role of Staphylococcus aureus adhesins and platelet aggregation in early endocarditis","volume":"81","author":"Veloso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16059","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.59","article-title":"Infective endocarditis","volume":"2","author":"Holland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/09537109777159","article-title":"The role of platelets in infective endocarditis","volume":"8","author":"Ford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.9.3634-3641.1995","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus induces platelet aggregation via a fibrinogen-dependent mechanism which is independent of principal platelet glycoprotein IIb\/IIIa fibrinogen-binding domains","volume":"63","author":"Bayer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(75)90020-3","article-title":"Activation of a pro-enzyme by a stoichiometric reaction with another protein: the reaction between prothrombin and staphylocoagulase","volume":"379","author":"Hemker","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00896-10","article-title":"Dabigatran inhibits Staphylococcus aureus coagulase activity","volume":"48","author":"Vanassche","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu426","article-title":"Prophylaxis of experimental endocarditis with antiplatelet and antithrombin agents: a role for long-term prevention of infective endocarditis in humans?","volume":"211","author":"Veloso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0215333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215333","article-title":"Adjunctive dabigatran therapy improves outcome of experimental left-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis","volume":"14","author":"Lerche","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1639586","article-title":"Targeting coagulase activity in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a randomized controlled single-centre trial of staphylothrombin inhibition","volume":"118","author":"Peetermans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0015","volume-title":"Bager F, Bortolaia V, Ellis-Iversen J, et al. DANMAP 2015\u2014Use"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811401482","article-title":"The Danish National Patient Register","volume":"39","author":"Lynge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810394717","article-title":"The Danish National Prescription Registry","volume":"39","author":"Kildemoes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965","article-title":"The Danish Civil Registration System","volume":"39","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.616219","article-title":"Risk of death or reinfarction associated with the use of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"113","author":"Gislason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.0809","article-title":"Association of NSAID use with risk of bleeding and cardiovascular events in patients receiving antithrombotic therapy after myocardial infarction","volume":"313","author":"Schjerning Olsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.720847","article-title":"Diabetes patients requiring glucose-lowering therapy and nondiabetics with a prior myocardial infarction carry the same cardiovascular risk: a population study of 3.3 million people","volume":"117","author":"Schramm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d124","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d124","article-title":"Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study","volume":"342","author":"Olesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0023","volume-title":"Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia cases in Denmark 2017. Copenhagen: St","author":"Petersen"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0024","article-title":"Positive predictive","author":"\u00d8stergaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0025","first-page":"257","article-title":"An anti-staphylocoagulase monoclonal antibody inhibits prothrombin activation and prolongs survival in mice following Staphylococcus aureus infection","volume":"13","author":"Begins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0026","first-page":"875","article-title":"Age-dependent increase in incidence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, Denmark, 2008\u20132015","volume":"25","author":"Thorlacius-Ussing","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis 2019"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13024","article-title":"Use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants 2008\u20132016: a Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"123","author":"Haastrup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2021080205003425000_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31477","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31477","article-title":"Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulation usage according to age among patients with atrial fibrillation: temporal trends 2011\u20132015 in Denmark","volume":"6","author":"Staerk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa661\/33656872\/ciaa661.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/73\/3\/480\/39508043\/ciaa661.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/73\/3\/480\/39508043\/ciaa661.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T05:01:49Z","timestamp":1627880509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/73\/3\/480\/5849509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}}}