{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T07:40:25Z","timestamp":1768722025330,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity","award":["G NU50CK000410-04-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G NU50CK000410-04-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is the most commonly reported mosquito-borne disease in the USA. California reports more WNV disease than any other state.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified WNV-associated hospitalizations from 2004 through 2017 in California and estimated hospitalization incidence using Patient Discharge Data. We described demographic, geographic, and clinical characteristics of WNV hospitalizations; identified risk factors for in-hospital death; and tabulated hospitalization charges.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 2004 through 2017, 3109 Californians were hospitalized with WNV (median, 214 patients\/year; range, 72\u2013449). The majority were male (1983; 63.8%) and aged \u226560 years (1766; 56.8%). The highest median annual hospitalization rate (0.88 hospitalizations\/100 000 persons) was in the Central Valley, followed by southern California (0.59 hospitalizations\/100 000 persons). Most patients (2469; 79.4%) had \u22651 underlying condition, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or immunosuppression due to medications or disease. Median hospitalization length of stay was 12 days (interquartile range, 6\u201323 days). During hospitalization, 1317 (42%) patients had acute respiratory failure and\/or sepsis\/septic shock, 772 (24.8%) experienced acute kidney failure, and 470 (15.1%) had paralysis; 272 (8.8%) patients died. Nearly 47% (1444) of patients were discharged for additional care. During these 14 years, $838 680 664 (mean $59.9 million\/year) was charged for WNV hospitalizations, 73.9% through government payers at a median charge of $142 321\/patient.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>WNV-associated hospitalizations were substantial and costly in California. Hospitalization incidence was higher in males, elderly persons, and patients with underlying conditions. WNV persists as a costly and severe public health threat in California.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T19:23:29Z","timestamp":1591385009000},"page":"441-447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["West Nile Virus\u2013Associated Hospitalizations, California, 2004\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9743-0872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E","family":"Snyder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento and Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gail Sondermeyer","family":"Cooksey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento and Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento and Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento and Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duc J","family":"Vugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento and Richmond, California, 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