{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:51:57Z","timestamp":1792018317358,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]],"date-time":"2020-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K23AI141621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K23AI141621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIAID K24AI148459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIAID K24AI148459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U181P000303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U181P000303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Influenza Division in the National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections. Although there are several distinct PIV serotypes, few studies have compared the clinical characteristics and severity of infection among the individual PIV serotypes and between PIV and other pathogens in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted active population-based surveillance for radiographically confirmed community-acquired pneumonia hospitalizations among children and adults in 8 US hospitals with systematic collection of clinical data and respiratory, blood, and serological specimens for pathogen detection. We compared clinical features of PIV-associated pneumonia among individual serotypes 1, 2, and 3 and among all PIV infections with other viral, atypical, and bacterial pneumonias. We also compared in-hospital disease severity among groups employing an ordinal scale (mild, moderate, severe) using multivariable proportional odds regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PIV was more commonly detected in children (155\/2354; 6.6%) than in adults (66\/2297; 2.9%) (P &amp;lt; .001). Other pathogens were commonly co-detected among PIV cases (110\/221; 50%). Clinical features of PIV-1, PIV-2, and PIV-3 infections were similar to one another in both children and adults with pneumonia. In multivariable analysis, children with PIV-associated pneumonia exhibited similar severity to children with other nonbacterial pneumonia, whereas children with bacterial pneumonia exhibited increased severity (odds ratio, 8.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.88\u201337.80). In adults, PIV-associated pneumonia exhibited similar severity to other pneumonia pathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical features did not distinguish among infection with individual PIV serotypes in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. However, in children, PIV pneumonia was less severe than bacterial pneumonia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T03:54:49Z","timestamp":1594871689000},"page":"e4433-e4443","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Parainfluenza Virus Types 1\u20133 Infections Among Children and Adults Hospitalized With Community-acquired Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4301-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh M","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley H","family":"Self","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krow","family":"Ampofo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T","family":"Pavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra R","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A","family":"McCullers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"},{"name":"St Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan J","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G","family":"Wunderink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos G","family":"Grijalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121011165301400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S188","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000144660.53024.64","article-title":"Epidemiology of respiratory infections in young children: insights from the New Vaccine Surveillance Network","volume":"23","author":"Griffin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2021121011165301400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.1758","article-title":"Population-based surveillance for hospitalizations associated with respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and parainfluenza viruses among young children","volume":"113","author":"Iwane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121011165301400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.11.034","article-title":"Parainfluenza virus infection of young children: estimates of the population-based burden of hospitalization","volume":"154","author":"Weinberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121011165301400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix148","article-title":"Is higher viral load in the upper respiratory tract associated with severe pneumonia? 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