{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:18:26Z","timestamp":1790457506808,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Agency for Research"},{"name":"R\u00e9gion Sud"},{"name":"Plateformes de Recherche et d\u2019Innovation Mutualis\u00e9es M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection"},{"name":"European funding Fonds Europ\u00e9en de D\u00e9veloppement R\u00e9gional"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The spectrum of infections caused by methanogens remains to be described. We searched for methanogens in the blood of febrile patients using specific tools.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Blood culture samples routinely collected in patients with fever were prospectively screened by specific PCR assays for methanogens. Positive samples were observed by autofluorescence and electron microscopy, analyzed by metagenomics and cultured using previously developed methods. Blood culture bottles experimentally inoculated were used as controls. The presence of methanogens in vascular and cardiac tissues was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence, fluorescent in situ hybridization and PCR-based investigations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PCR detection attempted in 7,716 blood samples, was negative in all 1,312 aerobic bottles and 810 bacterial culture-negative anaerobic bottles. PCRs were positive in 27\/5,594 (0.5%) bacterial culture-positive anaerobic bottles collected from 26 patients. Sequencing confirmed Methanobrevibacter smithii associated with staphylococci in 14 patients, Enterobacteriaceae in nine patients and streptococci in three patients. Metagenomics confirmed M. smithii in five samples, and M. smithii was isolated in broth from two samples; the genomes of these two isolates were sequenced. Blood cultures experimentally inoculated with Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus hominis yielded hydrogen, but no methane, authentifying observational data. Three patients diagnosed with infectious mitral endocarditis, were indisputably diagnosed by microscopy, PCR-based detections and culture: we showed M. smithii microscopically and by a specific PCR followed by sequencing method in two of three cardiovascular tissues.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using appropriate laboratory methods, M. smithii is demonstrated as causing archaemia and endocarditis in febrile patients who are coinfected by bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T19:11:07Z","timestamp":1594408267000},"page":"e2571-e2579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["<i>Methanobrevibacter smithii<\/i> Archaemia in Febrile Patients With Bacteremia, Including Those With Endocarditis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Michel","family":"Drancourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Institut Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Microbes, Evolution, Phylog\u00e9nie et Inf\u00e9ction (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenza","family":"Djemai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Institut Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Microbes, Evolution, Phylog\u00e9nie et Inf\u00e9ction (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Marseille, France"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalier Universitaire M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Gouriet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Institut Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Microbes, Evolution, Phylog\u00e9nie et Inf\u00e9ction (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghiles","family":"Grine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Institut Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Microbes, Evolution, Phylog\u00e9nie et Inf\u00e9ction (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Marseille, France"},{"name":"Institut Hospitalier Universitaire M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Loukil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University, Institut Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Microbes, Evolution, Phylog\u00e9nie et Inf\u00e9ction (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalier 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