{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:32:45Z","timestamp":1790303565812,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI069924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AI069924-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069924-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320030_169967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320030_169967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US CRDF Global","award":["HIV_DAA3-16-62705-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIV_DAA3-16-62705-1"]}]},{"name":"US CRDF Global","award":["17481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17481"]}]},{"name":"US CRDF Global","award":["180083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180083"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["801076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["801076"]}]},{"name":"Swiss School of Public Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed associations between immunodeficiency and cancer incidence in a nationwide cohort of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) in South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used data from the South African HIV Cancer Match Study built on HIV-related laboratory measurements from the National Health Laboratory Services and cancer records from the National Cancer Registry. We evaluated associations between time-updated CD4 cell count and cancer incidence rates using Cox proportional hazards models. We reported adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) over a grid of CD4 values and estimated the aHR per 100 CD4 cells\/\u00b5L decrease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 3 532 266 PLWH, 15 078 developed cancer. The most common cancers were cervical cancer (4150 cases), Kaposi sarcoma (2262 cases), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1060 cases). The association between lower CD4 cell count and higher cancer incidence rates was strongest for conjunctival cancer (aHR per 100 CD4 cells\/\u00b5L decrease: 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38\u20131.54), Kaposi sarcoma (aHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.20\u20131.26), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (aHR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.14\u20131.22). Among infection-unrelated cancers, lower CD4 cell counts were associated with higher incidence rates of esophageal cancer (aHR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00\u20131.11) but not breast, lung, or prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lower CD4 cell counts were associated with an increased risk of developing various infection-related cancers among PLWH. Reducing HIV-induced immunodeficiency may be a potent cancer-prevention strategy among PLWH in sub-Saharan Africa, a region heavily burdened by cancers attributable to infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T21:06:16Z","timestamp":1611867976000},"page":"e735-e744","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Immunodeficiency and Cancer in 3.5 Million People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): The South African HIV Cancer Match Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Yann","family":"Ruffieux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazvita","family":"Muchengeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Egger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research (CIDER), School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orestis","family":"Efthimiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Olago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"Davidovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tafadzwa","family":"Dhokotera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Bohlius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Registry, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane","family":"Rohner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021080205012409100_CIT0001","volume-title":"Biological agents. 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