{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:44:17Z","timestamp":1791935057878,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0887X1-4603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0887X1-4603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies hypothesized that this was due to reduced pneumococcal transmission resulting from nonpharmaceutical interventions. We used multiple ongoing cohort surveillance projects in children &amp;lt;5 years to test this hypothesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The first SARS-CoV-2 cases were detected in February 2020, resulting in a full lockdown, followed by several partial restrictions. Data from ongoing surveillance projects captured the incidence dynamics of community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP), nonalveolar lower respiratory infections necessitating chest X-rays (NA-LRIs), nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in nonrespiratory visits, nasopharyngeal respiratory virus detection (by polymerase chain reaction), and nationwide IPD. Monthly rates (January 2020 through February 2021 vs mean monthly rates 2016\u20132019 [expected rates]) adjusted for age and ethnicity were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CAAP and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia were strongly reduced (incidence rate ratios [IRRs]: .07 and .19, respectively); NA-LRIs and nonpneumonia IPD were also reduced by a lesser magnitude (IRRs: .46 and .42, respectively). In contrast, pneumococcal carriage prevalence was only slightly reduced, and density of colonization and pneumococcal serotype distributions were similar to previous years. The decline in pneumococcus-associated disease was temporally associated with a full suppression of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, and human metapneumovirus, often implicated as co-pathogens with pneumococcus. In contrast, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and parainfluenza activities were within or above expected levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reductions in pneumococcal and pneumococcus-associated diseases occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel were not predominantly related to reduced pneumococcal carriage and density but were strongly associated with the disappearance of specific respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T15:17:11Z","timestamp":1639408631000},"page":"e1154-e1164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["Decline in Pneumococcal Disease in Young Children During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Israel Associated With Suppression of Seasonal Respiratory Viruses, Despite Persistent Pneumococcal Carriage: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Dana","family":"Danino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel"},{"name":"The Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer-Sheva , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalom","family":"Ben-Shimol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel"},{"name":"The Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer-Sheva , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart Adriaan","family":"van der Beek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noga","family":"Givon-Lavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel"},{"name":"The Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer-Sheva , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonat Shemer","family":"Avni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel"},{"name":"Clinical Virology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer-Sheva , Israel and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel"},{"name":"The Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center , Beer-Sheva , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M","family":"Weinberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health , New Haven, Connecticut , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8888-1046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Dagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022082503065128100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.12.32","article-title":"Respiratory viral and pneumococcal coinfection of the respiratory tract: implications of pneumococcal 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