{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:25:49Z","timestamp":1788967549929,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01TW010829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01TW010829"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03AI164123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03AI164123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health of Ukraine","award":["0121U107800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0121U107800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improved understanding of the epidemiology and mortality risk factors of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) may facilitate successful diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed national surveillance data from Ukraine to characterize EPTB subtypes (ie, localized in different anatomic sites). We calculated annual reported incidence, stratified by age, sex, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. Using Cox regression, we estimated mortality risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between January 2015 and November 2018, 14\u00a0062 adults\/adolescents (\u226515 years) and 417 children (&amp;lt;15 years) had EPTB with or without concomitant pulmonary TB. The most commonly reported EPTB subtypes were pleural, peripheral lymph node, and osteoarticular. Most EPTB subtype notifications peaked at age 30\u201339 years and were higher in males. In adults\/adolescents, most peripheral TB lymphadenitis, central nervous system (CNS) TB, and abdominal TB occurred in those with untreated HIV. CNS TB notifications in people without HIV peaked before age 5 years. Adults\/adolescents with CNS TB (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 3.22; 95% CI: 2.89\u20133.60) and abdominal TB (aHR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.59\u20132.11) were more likely to die than those with pulmonary TB. Children with CNS TB were more likely to die (aHR: 88.25; 95% CI: 43.49\u2013179.10) than those with non-CNS TB. Among adults\/adolescents, older age and HIV were associated with death. Rifampicin resistance was associated with mortality in pleural, peripheral lymph node, and CNS TB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified the most common EPTB subtypes by age and sex, patterns of EPTB disease by HIV status, and mortality risk factors. These findings can inform diagnosis and care for people with EPTB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,19]],"date-time":"2021-12-19T07:06:35Z","timestamp":1639897595000},"page":"604-612","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Incidence and Mortality of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Ukraine: Analysis of National Surveillance Data"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Khalife","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen E","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , 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Jane","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C Robert","family":"Horsburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , USA and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha R","family":"Rybak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island , 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