{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:16:33Z","timestamp":1789506993478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 AI113185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 AI113185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hologic Inc"},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1 TR002319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002319"]}]},{"name":"University of Washington\/Fred Hutch Center for AIDS Research","award":["AI027757,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI027757,"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of pharyngeal chlamydia is low, but its incidence and duration are unknown. A high incidence or duration may support the role of pharyngeal chlamydia in sustaining chlamydia transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From March 2016 to December 2018, we enrolled men who have sex with men (MSM) in a 48-week cohort study in Seattle, Washington. Participants self-collected pharyngeal specimens weekly. We tested specimens using nucleic acid amplification testing at the conclusion of the study. In primary analyses, we defined incident pharyngeal chlamydia as &amp;gt;2 consecutive weeks of a positive pharyngeal specimen. In sensitivity analyses, we defined incident chlamydia as &amp;gt;1 week of a positive specimen. We estimated duration of pharyngeal chlamydia, censoring at loss to follow-up, receipt of antibiotics, or end of study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 140 participants contributed 70.5 person-years (PY); 1.4% had pharyngeal chlamydia at enrollment. In primary analyses, there were 8 pharyngeal chlamydia cases among 6 MSM (incidence = 11.4 per 100 PY; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.0\u201321.9). In sensitivity analysis, there were 19 cases among 16 MSM (incidence = 27.1 per 100 PY; 95% CI: 18.5\u201339.8). The median duration was 6.0 weeks (95% CI: 2.0\u2013undefined) in primary analysis and 2.0 weeks (95% CI: 1.1\u20136.0) in sensitivity analysis. Duration was shorter for those with a history of chlamydia compared with those without (3.6 vs 8.7 weeks; P = .02).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharyngeal chlamydia has a low incidence and duration relative to other extragenital sexually transmitted infections. Its contribution to population-level transmission remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T08:00:24Z","timestamp":1639036824000},"page":"875-881","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Incidence and Duration of Pharyngeal Chlamydia Among a Cohort of Men Who Have Sex With Men"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9743-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M","family":"Khosropour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olusegun O","family":"Soge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"Public Health\u2013Seattle & King County HIV\/STD Program , Seattle, Washington , USA and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindley A","family":"Barbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"Public Health\u2013Seattle & King County HIV\/STD Program , Seattle, Washington , USA and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0001","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2019","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021.","volume":"70","author":"Workowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5758387","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5758387","article-title":"Extragenital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a review of the literature.","volume":"2016","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-113","article-title":"The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Australia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0005","article-title":"Pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Netherlands: a large retrospective cohort study.","author":"Evers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054558","article-title":"Oropharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in women; spontaneous clearance and cure after treatment (FemCure).","volume":"97","author":"Dukers-Muijrers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051633","article-title":"Spontaneous pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis RNA clearance. A cross-sectional study followed by a cohort study of untreated STI clinic patients in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","volume":"91","author":"van Rooijen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181d73639","article-title":"Spontaneous resolution of extragenital chlamydial and gonococcal infections prior to therapy.","volume":"37","author":"Apewokin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1086\/648427","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission from the oropharynx to the urethra among men who have sex with men.","volume":"49","author":"Bernstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182029008","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission from the female oropharynx to the male urethra.","volume":"38","author":"Marcus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052214","article-title":"An estimate of the proportion of symptomatic gonococcal, chlamydial and non-gonococcal non-chlamydial urethritis attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men: a case-control study.","volume":"92","author":"Barbee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01796-3","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis transmission between the oropharynx, urethra and anorectum in men who have sex with men: a mathematical model.","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0013","article-title":"The natural history of rectal gonococcal and chlamydial infections: the ExGen study.","author":"Barbee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab071","article-title":"The duration of pharyngeal gonorrhea: a natural history study.","volume":"73","author":"Barbee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3610","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01217-11","article-title":"Evaluation of six commercial nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other Neisseria species.","volume":"49","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1198\/000313006X118430","article-title":"A lego system for conditional inference.","volume":"60","author":"Hothorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.032037","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men in Sydney, Australia.","volume":"84","author":"Templeton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0018","first-page":"A64","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis viable load at six different anatomical samples sites in women (CHLAMOUR).","volume":"97","author":"Janssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2022091519073927800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1071\/SH15175","article-title":"Duration of gonorrhoea and chlamydia infection at the pharynx and rectum among men who have sex with men: a systematic review.","volume":"13","author":"Chow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Health"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/75\/5\/875\/45878051\/ciab1022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab1022\/42498552\/ciab1022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/75\/5\/875\/45878051\/ciab1022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T15:08:38Z","timestamp":1663254518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/75\/5\/875\/6459153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab1022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]}}}