{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:03:59Z","timestamp":1790960639163,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OOPP1032115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OOPP1032115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"United States Agency for International Development and the President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","award":["AID-OAA-A-15-00045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-15-00045"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/762965-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/762965-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U48 DP 005013 SIP 14-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U48 DP 005013 SIP 14-023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Washington\/Fred Hutch Center for AIDS Research","award":["P30 AI057757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI057757"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Globally, women have higher herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) prevalence than men; data from observational studies suggest a possible association of HSV-2 acquisition with use of intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Within a randomized trial of the effect of 3 contraceptive methods\u2014DMPA-IM, a copper intrauterine device (IUD), and a levonorgestrel (LNG) implant\u2014on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, we assessed HSV-2 acquisition. HSV-2 and HIV seronegative women, aged 16\u201335 years, and seeking effective contraception were followed for 12\u201318 months at 12 sites in Eswatini, Kenya, South Africa, and Zambia from 2015 to 2018. HSV-2 serologic testing was done at enrollment and final study visits. Intention-to-treat analysis using Poisson regression with robust standard errors compared HSV-2 incidence by contraceptive method.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At baseline, 4062 randomized women were HSV-2 seronegative, of whom 3898 (96.0%) had a conclusive HSV-2 result at their final study visit. Of these, 614 (15.8%) acquired HSV-2, at an incidence of 12.4\/100 person-years (p-y): 10.9\/100 p-y among women assigned DMPA-IM, 13.7\/100 p-y the copper IUD, and 12.7\/100 p-y the LNG implant. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) for HSV-2 acquisition were 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], .65\u2013.97) for DMPA-IM compared with copper IUD, 0.86 (95% CI, .71\u20131.05) for DMPA-IM compared with LNG implant, and 1.08 (95% CI, .89\u20131.30) for copper IUD compared with LNG implant. HSV-2 acquisition risk was significantly increased among women who also acquired HIV during follow-up (IRR 3.55; 95% CI, 2.78\u20134.48).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a randomized trial, we found no association between HSV-2 acquisition and use of 3 contraceptive methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02550067.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T20:22:14Z","timestamp":1639513334000},"page":"586-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection Among African Women Using Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, a Copper Intrauterine Device, or a Levonorgestrel Implant for Contraception: A Nested Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2347-006X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelly R","family":"Mugo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research & Center for Microbiology Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) , Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Global Health , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy M","family":"Stalter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Heffron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health , Seattle, Washington , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (Wits RHI) , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin W","family":"Scoville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral, Epidemiologic and Clinical Sciences, FHI 360 , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athena P","family":"Kourtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Bukusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research & Center for Microbiology Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) , Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Global Health , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mags","family":"Beksinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MatCH Research Unit (MRU), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neena M","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Beesham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MatCH Research Unit (MRU), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen","family":"Deese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinodh","family":"Edward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Aurum Institute , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, 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Uganda.","volume":"357","author":"Gray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023012317100315300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904849","article-title":"Acyclovir and transmission of HIV-1 from persons infected with HIV-1 and HSV-2.","volume":"362","author":"Celum","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023012317100315300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30405-X","article-title":"Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Looker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023012317100315300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30470-0","article-title":"Global and regional estimates of the contribution of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection to HIV incidence: a population attributable fraction analysis using published epidemiological data.","volume":"20","author":"Looker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023012317100315300_CIT0006","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023012317100315300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052838","article-title":"Use of injectable hormonal contraception and HSV-2 acquisition in a cohort of female sex workers in Vancouver, Canada.","volume":"93","author":"Socias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2023012317100315300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000245","article-title":"The impact of hormonal contraception and pregnancy on sexually transmitted infections and on cervicovaginal microbiota in African sex workers.","volume":"42","author":"Borgdorff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm 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