{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:55:06Z","timestamp":1773294906058,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37-DA15612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37-DA15612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005663","name":"Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU38OT000297-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU38OT000297-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","award":["DGE-1656518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1656518"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000919","name":"Open Society Foundations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OR2020-69521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OR2020-69521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prisons and jails are high-risk settings for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccines may substantially reduce these risks, but evidence is needed on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness for incarcerated people, who are confined in large, risky congregate settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study to estimate effectiveness of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna), against confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections among incarcerated people in California prisons from 22 December 2020 through 1 March 2021. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation provided daily data for all prison residents including demographic, clinical, and carceral characteristics, as well as COVID-19 testing, vaccination, and outcomes. We estimated vaccine effectiveness using multivariable Cox models with time-varying covariates, adjusted for resident characteristics and infection rates across prisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 60\u2005707 cohort members, 49% received at least 1 BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 dose during the study period. Estimated vaccine effectiveness was 74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64%\u201382%) from day 14 after first dose until receipt of second dose and 97% (95% CI, 88%\u201399%) from day 14 after second dose. Effectiveness was similar among the subset of residents who were medically vulnerable: 74% (95% CI, 62%\u201382%) and 92% (95% CI, 74%\u201398%) from 14 days after first and second doses, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent with results from randomized trials and observational studies in other populations, mRNA vaccines were highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections among incarcerated people. Prioritizing incarcerated people for vaccination, redoubling efforts to boost vaccination, and continuing other ongoing mitigation practices are essential in preventing COVID-19 in this disproportionately affected population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1641885577000},"page":"e838-e845","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effectiveness of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines Among Incarcerated People in California State Prisons: Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth T","family":"Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University , Stanford, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Leidner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation , Sacramento, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University , Stanford, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University , Stanford, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University , Stanford, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie J","family":"Schrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R","family":"Verani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan E","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Alarid-Escudero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Administration, Center for Research and Teaching in Economics , Aguascalientes , Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy D","family":"Goldhaber-Fiebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University , Stanford, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Studdert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University , Stanford, California , USA"},{"name":"Stanford Law School , Stanford, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason R","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3929-5515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua A","family":"Salomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University , Stanford, California , 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