{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:33:48Z","timestamp":1789097628000,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M007464\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M007464\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Centre of the National Institutes of Health","award":["D43 TW010559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW010559"]}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Centre of the National Institutes of Health","award":["D43 TW00934D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW00934D"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 AI068634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 AI068634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 AI068636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 AI068636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 AI106701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 AI106701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI068632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI068632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI068632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI068632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI145453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI145453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are few data on the utility of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBSs) to predict future viral load (VL) in postpartum women with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a nested case-control study within a trial of postpartum ART delivery strategies. Participants started ART containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in pregnancy, were &amp;lt;10 weeks postpartum, and had a VL &amp;lt;400 copies\/mL. VL and TFV-DP samples were taken every 3\u20136 months over 24 months. Cases had \u22651 VL \u226520 copies\/mL; controls were randomly sampled from women with persistent viral suppression (VS; VL &amp;lt;20 copies\/mL). Generalized estimating equations were used to calculate likelihood odds ratios (LORs) for future VL \u226520 copies\/mL by TFV-DP concentration at the preceding visit.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>61 cases and 20 controls contributed 365 DBS-VL pairs (median ART duration, 16 months). Sensitivity and specificity of TFV-DP &amp;lt;700\u00a0fmol\/punch to detect future viremia were 62.9% (95% CI, 54.7\u201370.6%) and 89.7% (84.9\u201393.4%), respectively. Adjusting for age, ART duration, previous VL, and duration between the TFV-DP and VL measures, LORs of viremia for TFV-DP concentrations 350\u2013699 and &amp;lt;350\u00a0fmol\/punch versus TFV-DP \u22651850\u00a0fmol\/punch were 3.5 (95% CI, 1.1\u201310.8; P\u2005=\u2005.033) and 12.9 (3.6\u201346.6; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.0001), respectively. Including only samples taken during VS, the LOR of future viremia for TFV-DP concentration &amp;lt;350\u00a0fmol\/punch versus TFV-DP \u22651850\u00a0fmol\/punch was 9.5 (1.9\u201347.0).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>TFV-DP concentrations in DBSs were strongly associated with future viremia and appear useful to identify nonadherence and predict future elevated VL.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T20:13:09Z","timestamp":1640981589000},"page":"761-767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Use of Tenofovir Diphosphate Levels to Predict Viremia During the Postpartum Period in Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): A Nested Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6030-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasantha","family":"Odayar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Orrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamsin K","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nai Chung","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti","family":"Kabanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thokozile R","family":"Malaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Allerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9070-8699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubbe","family":"Wiesner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nei yuan","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital , Cape Town , South Africa and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Castillo-Mancilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maia","family":"Lesosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Landon","family":"Myer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0001","article-title":"Country factsheets South Africa 2019","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)."},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328359590f","article-title":"Adherence to 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HIV research and clinical management.","volume":"10","author":"Simoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-015-0315-2","article-title":"Self-report measures of medication adherence behavior: recommendations on optimal use.","volume":"5","author":"Stirratt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00502-5","article-title":"Approaches to objectively measure antiretroviral medication adherence and drive adherence interventions.","volume":"17","author":"Spinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2572-0805.1000120","article-title":"Evaluation of pill counts adherence with self-reported adherence in assessing antiretroviral therapy behavior of women living with HIV at a faith-based clinic in Malawi.","volume":"02","author":"McKinney","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Curr Res"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e782878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078287","article-title":"Duration of HIV-1 viral suppression on cessation of antiretroviral therapy in primary infection correlates with time on therapy.","volume":"8","author":"St\u00f6hr","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0015","article-title":"Tenofovir diphosphate arising from TAF is quantifiable in dried blood spots. [Abstract 405]. Presented at: Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2017 (Seattle, WA).","author":"Castillo-Mancilla"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0089","article-title":"Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure.","volume":"29","author":"Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01710-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01710-17","article-title":"Intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate and emtricitabine-triphosphate in dried blood spots following directly observed therapy.","volume":"62","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002032","article-title":"A comparison of plasma efavirenz and tenofovir, dried blood spot tenofovir-diphosphate, and self-reported adherence to predict virologic suppression among South African women.","volume":"81","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy708","article-title":"Tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots is strongly associated with viral suppression in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infections.","volume":"68","author":"Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0020","first-page":"635","article-title":"Predictive value of tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for future viremia in persons living with HIV.","volume":"221","author":"Morrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0021","volume-title":"Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections","author":"Robbins","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0022","first-page":"16","article-title":"Delivery of antiretroviral therapy to HIV-infected women during the postpartum period: the Postpartum Adherence Clubs for Antiretroviral Therapy (PACART) trial.","volume":"1","author":"Odayar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.05.039","article-title":"Determination of nucleoside analog mono-, di-, and tri-phosphates in cellular matrix by solid phase extraction and ultra-sensitive LC-MS\/MS detection.","volume":"56","author":"Bushman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1974.10482955","article-title":"B., Forsythe A. B. Robust tests for the equality of variances.","volume":"69","author":"Brown","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000033","article-title":"Common clinical conditions-age, low BMI, ritonavir use, mild renal impairment-affect tenofovir pharmacokinetics in a large cohort of HIV-infected women.","volume":"28","author":"Baxi","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0177-7","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring by dried blood spot: progress to date and future directions.","volume":"53","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0027","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beyond HIV viral load: application of pharmacologic measures to identify ART adherence mismatch.","volume":"8","author":"Kristofich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325958219888451","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958219888457","article-title":"Moderately high tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots indicates drug resistance in viremic persons living with HIV.","volume":"18","author":"Yager","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0029","volume-title":"Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections","author":"Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022091519074319400_CIT0030","article-title":"The South African Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines","author":"South African National Department of Health.","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab1068\/42596857\/ciab1068.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/75\/5\/761\/45878055\/ciab1068.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/75\/5\/761\/45878055\/ciab1068.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T19:08:52Z","timestamp":1663268932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/75\/5\/761\/6494527"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab1068","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]}}}