{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:16:56Z","timestamp":1787008616262,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHISTO_PERSIST_680088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHISTO_PERSIST_680088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["204820\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204820\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/T003618\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T003618\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R01437X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R01437X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P025447\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P025447\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite decades of interventions, 240 million people have schistosomiasis. Infections cannot be directly observed, and egg-based Kato-Katz thick smears lack sensitivity, affected treatment efficacy and reinfection rate estimates. The point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (referred to from here as POC-CCA+) test is advocated as an improvement on the Kato-Katz method, but improved estimates are limited by ambiguities in the interpretation of trace results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected repeated Kato-Katz egg counts from 210 school-aged children and scored POC-CCA tests according to the manufacturer\u2019s guidelines (referred to from here as POC-CCA+) and the externally developed G score. We used hidden Markov models parameterized with Kato-Katz; Kato-Katz and POC-CCA+; and Kato-Katz and G-Scores, inferring latent clearance and reinfection probabilities at four timepoints over six-months through a more formal statistical reconciliation of these diagnostics than previously conducted. Our approach required minimal but robust assumptions regarding trace interpretations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antigen-based models estimated higher infection prevalence across all timepoints compared with the Kato-Katz model, corresponding to lower clearance and higher reinfection estimates. Specifically, pre-treatment prevalence estimates were 85% (Kato-Katz; 95% CI: 79%\u201392%), 99% (POC-CCA+; 97%\u2013100%) and 98% (G-Score; 95%\u2013100%). Post-treatment, 93% (Kato-Katz; 88%\u201396%), 72% (POC-CCA+; 64%\u201379%) and 65% (G-Score; 57%\u201373%) of those infected were estimated to clear infection. Of those who cleared infection, 35% (Kato-Katz; 27%\u201342%), 51% (POC-CCA+; 41%\u201362%) and 44% (G-Score; 33%\u201355%) were estimated to have been reinfected by 9-weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment impact was shorter-lived than Kato-Katz\u2013based estimates alone suggested, with lower clearance and rapid reinfection. At 3 weeks after treatment, longer-term clearance dynamics are captured. At 9 weeks after treatment, reinfection was captured, but failed clearance could not be distinguished from rapid reinfection. Therefore, frequent sampling is required to understand these important epidemiological dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T15:11:34Z","timestamp":1628089894000},"page":"1557-1563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Reconciling Egg- and Antigen-Based Estimates of\n                    <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    Clearance and Reinfection: A Modeling Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arinaitwe","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrina","family":"Nankasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina L","family":"Faust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriko","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Ajambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Besigye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Atuhaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidah","family":"Wamboko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren V","family":"Carruthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Francoeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edridah M","family":"Tukahebwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquin M","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poppy H L","family":"Lamberton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022050517222971900_CIT0001","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis: progress report 2001\u20132011 and strategic plan 2012\u20132020","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022050517222971900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022050517222971900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03042","article-title":"Schistosome egg migration: mechanisms, pathogenesis and host immune 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