{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T02:50:58Z","timestamp":1768272658255,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RR374-053\/4787986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR374-053\/4787986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Annual mass drug administration (MDA) using praziquantel is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis morbidity control but is not sufficient to interrupt transmission. We implemented a cluster-randomized trial to compare the effectiveness of 4 different intervention packages to interrupt transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in a seasonal transmission setting of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sixty-four localities with a S. haematobium prevalence in school children aged 13\u201314 years above 4% were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 intervention arms over a 3-year period: (1) the current standard strategy consisting of annual MDA before peak of transmission, (2) annual MDA after peak of transmission, (3) biannual MDA, and (4) standard MDA combined with snail control. The primary outcome was prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection in children aged 9\u201312 years 1 year after the final intervention, using urine filtration performed by experienced microscopists.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>By study end, we observed the lowest S. haematobium prevalence in the biannual MDA, compared to the standard treatment arm (0.6% vs 7.5%; odds ratio [OR]\u2005=\u20050.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2005=\u2005.02 to .24). The prevalence in arms 2 and 4 was about 3.5%, which was not statistically significantly different from the standard strategy (both ORs 0.4, 95% CI\u2005=\u2005.1 to ~1.8). New cases of infection were still observed in all arms at study end.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biannual MDA was the only regimen that outperformed the standard treatment. All strategies resulted in decreased prevalence of infection; however, none of them was able to interrupt transmission of S. haematobium within a 3-year period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ISRCTN10926858.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T03:06:25Z","timestamp":1631502385000},"page":"2181-2190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effectiveness of Four Different Interventions Against <i>Schistosoma haematobium<\/i> in a Seasonal Transmission Setting of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: A Cluster Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Ouattara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fid\u00e8le K","family":"Bassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nana R","family":"Diakit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hattendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean T","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick K","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yves-Nathan T","family":"Tian-Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrille K","family":"Konan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rufin K","family":"Assar\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naf\u00e9rima","family":"Kon\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9gnorogo","family":"Guindo-Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Utzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel , Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eli\u00e9zer K","family":"N\u2019Goran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire , Abidjan , C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0001","first-page":"21","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: number of people receiving preventive chemotherapy in 2012","volume":"89","author":"WHO.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee","volume":"912","author":"WHO.","year":"2002","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0004","author":"WHO.","year":"2001"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0005","volume-title":"A roadmap for implementation: accelerating work to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases","author":"WHO.","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0006","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis: progress report 2001\u20132011 and strategic plan 2012\u20132020","author":"WHO.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0007","volume-title":"World Health Assembly Resolution WHA 65.21. Elimination of schistosomiasis","author":"WHO.","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004290","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of chemical-based mollusciciding for control of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium transmission","volume":"9","author":"King","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004794","article-title":"Global assessment of schistosomiasis control over the past century shows targeting the snail intermediate host works best","volume":"10","author":"Sokolow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30535-7","article-title":"A call to strengthen the global strategy against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: the time is now","volume":"17","author":"Lo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1575-2","article-title":"Gaining and sustaining schistosomiasis control: study protocol and baseline data prior to different treatment strategies in five African countries","volume":"16","author":"Ezeamama","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2014-S04","article-title":"Morbidity control of schistosomiasis by mass drug administration: how can we do it best and what will it take to move on to elimination?","volume":"42","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008845","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008845","article-title":"Effectiveness of school-based preventive chemotherapy strategies for sustaining the control of schistosomiasis in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: results of a 5-year cluster randomized trial","volume":"15","author":"Ouattara","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5044-2","article-title":"Interrupting seasonal transmission of Schistosoma haematobium and control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in northern and central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: a SCORE study protocol","volume":"18","author":"Tian-Bi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6010007","article-title":"Baseline and impact of first-year intervention on Schistosoma haematobium infection in seasonal transmission foci in the northern and central parts of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"6","author":"Diakit\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2913","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002913","article-title":"Infection and co-infection with helminths and Plasmodium among school children in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: results from a national cross-sectional survey","volume":"8","author":"Yapi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1165-y","article-title":"All that is blood is not schistosomiasis: experiences with reagent strip testing for urogenital schistosomiasis with special consideration to very-low prevalence settings","volume":"8","author":"Krauth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1194","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001194","article-title":"Geostatistical model-based estimates of schistosomiasis prevalence among individuals aged \u226420 years in West Africa","volume":"5","author":"Schur","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0019","author":"WHO.","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0020","volume-title":"Field use of molluscicides in schistosomiasis control programmes: an operational manual for programme managers","author":"WHO.","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0021","volume-title":"Guidelines for the evaluation of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level","author":"Montresor","year":"1998"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0825","article-title":"SCORE operational research on moving toward interruption of schistosomiasis transmission","volume":"103(1-suppl)","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0829","article-title":"Impact of different mass drug administration strategies for gaining and sustaining control of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infection in Africa","volume":"103(1-suppl)","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2284-4","article-title":"Prevalence and seasonal transmission of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school-aged children in Kaedi town, southern Mauritania","volume":"10","author":"Gbal\u00e9gba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0025","first-page":"jiaa746","article-title":"Schistosoma transmission in a dynamic seasonal environment and its impact on the effectiveness of disease control","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30189-5","article-title":"Evaluation of integrated interventions layered on mass drug administration for urogenital schistosomiasis elimination: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Knopp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1157-y","article-title":"What is required in terms of mass drug administration to interrupt the transmission of schistosome parasites in regions of endemic infection?","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0028","first-page":"3","article-title":"The war against a regional disease in Japan: a history of the eradication of Schistosomiasis japonica","volume":"39","author":"Kajihara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix496","article-title":"A persistent hotspot of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a five-year randomized trial of praziquantel preventative chemotherapy strategies","volume":"216","author":"Wiegand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0368","article-title":"Defining persistent hotspots: areas that fail to decrease meaningfully in prevalence after multiple years of mass drug administration with praziquantel for control of schistosomiasis","volume":"97","author":"Kittur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0808041","article-title":"Toward the elimination of schistosomiasis","volume":"360","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0275-5","article-title":"Schistosomiasis is more prevalent than previously thought: what does it mean for public health goals, policies, strategies, guidelines and intervention programs?","volume":"6","author":"Colley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2022070618175039700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30254-1","article-title":"Sensitive diagnostic tools and targeted drug administration strategies are needed to eliminate schistosomiasis","volume":"20","author":"Amoah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab787\/40861758\/ciab787.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/74\/12\/2181\/44479707\/ciab787.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/74\/12\/2181\/44479707\/ciab787.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T18:47:16Z","timestamp":1657133236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/74\/12\/2181\/6369964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab787","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]}}}