{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:07:38Z","timestamp":1779926858817,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID1903010-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID1903010-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"},{"name":"National Program on Key Research Project of China","award":["2020YFA0707500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0707500"]}]},{"name":"National Program on Key Research Project of China","award":["2020YFA0707504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0707504"]}]},{"name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, China","award":["SZSM201911014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201911014"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Program of Hainan Province","award":["ZDKJ202003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDKJ202003"]}]},{"name":"Hainan academician innovation platform","award":["YSPTZX202004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSPTZX202004"]}]},{"name":"Hainan talent development project","award":["SRC200003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRC200003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effect of low environmental temperature on viral shedding and disease severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated the virological, clinical, pathological, and immunological changes in hamsters housed at room (21\u00b0C), low (12\u201315\u00b0C), and high (30\u201333\u00b0C) temperature after challenge by 105 plaque-forming units of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The nasal turbinate, trachea, and lung viral load and live virus titer were significantly higher (~0.5-log10 gene copies\/\u03b2-actin, P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.05) in the low-temperature group at 7 days postinfection (dpi). The low-temperature group also demonstrated significantly higher level of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), interleukin-1\u03b2, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 3, and lower level of the antiviral IFN-\u03b1 in lung tissues at 4 dpi than the other 2 groups. Their lungs were grossly and diffusely hemorrhagic, with more severe and diffuse alveolar and peribronchiolar inflammatory infiltration, bronchial epithelial cell death, and significantly higher mean total lung histology scores. By 7 dpi, the low-temperature group still showed persistent and severe alveolar inflammation and hemorrhage, and little alveolar cell proliferative changes of recovery. The viral loads in the oral swabs of the low-temperature group were significantly higher than those of the other two groups from 10 to 17 dpi by about 0.5\u20131.0 log10 gene copies\/\u03b2-actin. The mean neutralizing antibody titer of the low-temperature group was significantly (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.05) lower than that of the room temperature group at 7 dpi and 30 dpi.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study provided in vivo evidence that low environmental temperature exacerbated the degree of virus shedding, disease severity, and tissue proinflammatory cytokines\/chemokines expression, and suppressed the neutralizing antibody response of SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters. Keeping warm in winter may reduce the severity of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T11:34:09Z","timestamp":1631878449000},"page":"e1101-e1111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Low Environmental Temperature Exacerbates Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Jasper Fuk Woo","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent Kwok Man","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of 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