{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:55:46Z","timestamp":1791924946189,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nocardiosis is rare after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Little is known regarding its presentation, management, and outcome in this population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This retrospective international study reviewed nocardiosis episodes in HCT recipients (1\/1\/2000\u201331\/12\/2018; 135 transplant centers; 33 countries) and described their clinical, microbiological, radiological, and outcome characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified 81 nocardiosis episodes in 74 allo- and 7 auto-HCT recipients. Nocardiosis occurred a median of 8 (IQR: 4\u201318) months post-HCT. The most frequently involved organs were lungs (70\/81; 86%) and brain (30\/81; 37%); 29 (36%) patients were afebrile; 46\/81 (57%) had disseminated infections. The most common lung imaging findings were consolidations (33\/68; 49%) or nodules (32\/68; 47%); brain imaging findings were multiple brain abscesses (19\/30; 63%). Ten of 30 (33%) patients with brain involvement lacked neurological symptoms. Fourteen of 48 (29%) patients were bacteremic. Nocardia farcinica was the most common among molecularly identified species (27%; 12\/44). Highest susceptibility rates were reported to linezolid (45\/45; 100%), amikacin (56\/57; 98%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (57\/63; 90%), and imipenem (49\/57; 86%). One-year and last follow-up (IQR: 4\u201342.5 months) all-cause mortality were 40% (32\/81) and 52% (42\/81), respectively. In the multivariable analysis, underlying disease not in complete remission (HR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.32\u20135.95) and prior bacterial infection (HR: 3.42; 95% CI: 1.62\u20137.22) were associated with higher 1-year all-cause mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nocardiosis is a late post-HCT infection usually manifesting as a pulmonary disease with frequent dissemination, brain infection, and bacteremia. Brain imaging should be performed in HCT recipients with nocardiosis regardless of neurological symptoms. Overall mortality is high.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T15:31:22Z","timestamp":1633015882000},"page":"88-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["<i>Nocardia<\/i> Infections in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter International Retrospective Study of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Averbuch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical Center , Jerusalem , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"De Greef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires 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