{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:48:50Z","timestamp":1778705330982,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-CE17-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-CE17-0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals with high microfilarial densities (MFDs) of Loa loa are at risk of developing serious adverse events (SAEs) after ivermectin treatment. Pretreatment with drugs progressively reducing Loa MFDs below the risk threshold might help prevent these SAEs. We assessed the safety and efficacy of levamisole for this purpose.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, MFD-ascending trial was conducted in the Republic of the Congo. Participants were treated in 3 cohorts defined by pretreatment MFD and levamisole dose (cohort 1: 1.0kg and 1.5mg\/kg; cohorts 2 and 3: 2.5mg\/kg). Safety outcomes were occurrence of SAE and adverse event frequency during the first week. The efficacy outcomes were MFD reduction from baseline and proportions of individuals with at least 40% and 80% MFD reduction at day 2 (D2), D7, and D30.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 2 lowest doses (1.0mg\/kg and 1.5mg\/kg) caused no SAEs but were ineffective. Compared with placebo, 2.5mg\/kg levamisole caused more mild adverse events (10\/85 vs. 3\/85, P=.018), a higher median reduction from baseline to D2 (-12.9% vs. +15.5%, P&amp;lt;.001), D7 (-4.9% vs. +18.7%, P&amp;lt;.001), and D30 (-0.5% vs. +13.5%, P=.036) and a higher percentage of participants with &amp;gt;40% MFD reduction at D2 (17.5% vs. 1.2%, P&amp;lt;.001), D7 (11.8% vs. 6.3%, P=.269), and D30 (18.5% vs. 9.6%, P=.107).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A single 2.5mg\/kg levamisole dose induces a promising transient reduction in Loa loa MFDs and should encourage testing different regimens.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T19:25:50Z","timestamp":1633980350000},"page":"19-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Safety and Efficacy of Levamisole in Loiasis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4400-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my T","family":"Campillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMI 233 TransVIHMI, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), INSERM Unit\u00e9 1175 , Montpellier , France and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bikita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte contre l\u2019Onchocercose, Direction de l\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Population , Brazzaville , Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlhand","family":"Hemilembolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte contre l\u2019Onchocercose, Direction de l\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Population , Brazzaville , Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Louya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte contre l\u2019Onchocercose, Direction de l\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Population , Brazzaville , Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Missamou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte contre l\u2019Onchocercose, Direction de l\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Population , Brazzaville , Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien D S","family":"Pion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMI 233 TransVIHMI, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), INSERM Unit\u00e9 1175 , Montpellier , France and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Boussinesq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMI 233 TransVIHMI, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), INSERM Unit\u00e9 1175 , Montpellier , France and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8779-977X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dricB","family":"Chesnais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMI 233 TransVIHMI, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD), INSERM Unit\u00e9 1175 , Montpellier , France and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022082502584151100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001210","article-title":"The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA)","volume":"5","author":"Zour\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2022082502584151100_CIT0002","first-page":"577","article-title":"Progress toward eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: verification of elimination of transmission in Mexico","volume":"90","author":"WHO.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"2022082502584151100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i71","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx039","article-title":"Progress toward elimination of onchocerciasis in the 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of onchocerciasis: a controlled comparison of mebendazole, levamisole, and diethylcarbamazine","volume":"2","author":"Rivas-Alcal\u00e1","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022082502584151100_CIT0023","first-page":"571","article-title":"Levamisole and mebendazole in the treatment of bancroftian infection","volume":"9","author":"Narasimham","year":"1978","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2022082502584151100_CIT0024","first-page":"257","article-title":"Activity of levamisole (Solaskil) in lymphatic filariasis caused by Wucheria bancrofti (variety pacifica)","volume":"69","author":"Merlin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Fil"},{"key":"2022082502584151100_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1979.11687286","article-title":"Preliminary screening of antifilarial activity of levamisole and amodiaquine on Wuchereria 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