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The roles of cavitary NB and soluble programmed death protein-1 (sPD-1), an immune-related biomarker, in the disease course of NB NTM-LD remain unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with NB NTM-LD were enrolled from 2 medical centers in 2014\u20132020. We identified cavitary NB, measured sPD-1 levels, and analyzed factors associated with cavitary NB and predictors for disease progression of NB NTM-LD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 120 cases of NB NTM-LD, 87 (72.5%) were caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. sPD-1 levels were lower in 13 (10.8%) patients with cavitary NB than in noncavitary patients (P\u00a0=\u00a0.020). Over 1.41\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.43 years of follow-up, 12 (92.3%) patients in the cavitary and 66 (61.7%) in the noncavitary group developed disease progression (P\u00a0=\u00a0.032). In multivariable analysis, body mass index (BMI [kg\/m2]; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], .895 [95% confidence interval, .811\u2013.988]), sputum smear grade (aHR, 1.247 [1.014\u20131.534]), cavitary NB (aHR, 2.008 [1.052\u20133.834]), and sPD-1 (per 10-pg\/mL increase; aHR, .889 [.816\u2013.967]) were predictive for disease progression. Notably, sPD-1 showed a dose-dependent association with disease progression (sPD-1 \u226423.5 pg\/mL; aHR, 3.306 [1.664\u20136.567]; sPD-1: 23.6\u201353.7 pg\/mL; aHR, 2.496 [1.390\u20134.483]) compared with the reference (sPD-1 &amp;gt;53.7 pg\/mL).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with NB NTM-LD and low sPD-1, low BMI, high smear grade, and cavitary NB were at high risk for disease progression. sPD-1 was low in patients with cavitary NB phenotype and dose-responsively associated with disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T19:13:53Z","timestamp":1635448433000},"page":"239-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Disease Progression in Patients With Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease of Nodular Bronchiectatic (NB) Pattern: The Roles of Cavitary NB and Soluble Programmed Death Protein-1"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Sheng Wei","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , Taipei , Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei Juin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Chest Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taipei Branch , Taipei , Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Jiun","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei Lin","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Soochow University , Taipei , Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Yih","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , Taipei , Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin Chung","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jann Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao Chien","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center , Taipei , Taiwan and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong Jen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan 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