{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T15:45:16Z","timestamp":1777045516709,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004477","name":"Stellenbosch University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004477","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Cape Town Next Generation Professoriate"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010897","name":"Newton Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The late-onset efavirenz neurotoxicity syndrome (LENS) presents as ataxia and\/or encephalopathy with supratherapeutic efavirenz plasma concentrations (&amp;gt;4 \u00b5g\/mL). Efavirenz is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6), with CYP2A6 as an accessory pathway. We hypothesized that participants with LENS would predominantly be CYP2B6 slow metabolizers. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of CYP2B6 slow metabolizers in participants with LENS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adult HIV-positive participants on efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy presenting with LENS were prospectively enrolled. Genetic polymorphisms known to be associated with increased efavirenz plasma concentrations in CYP2B6 (rs3745274, rs28399499, rs4803419) and CYP2A6 (rs28399433) were selected and used to determine proportions of slow metabolizers. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Median (IQR) plasma efavirenz and 8-hydroxyefavirenz were described.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fifteen participants were enrolled. Thirteen (13\/15) were Black-African and 13 were female. Median weight was 49.9kg with a median duration on efavirenz of 2.2 years. All 15 participants were successfully genotyped as slow CYP2B6 metabolizers, with 6 participants additionally having CYP2A6 heterozygous genotype. Thirteen were receiving the CYP2A6 enzyme inhibitor isoniazid, and all 15 were genotypic NAT2 slow or intermediate acetylators. Efavirenz plasma concentration was markedly increased at 50.5 (47.0\u201365.4) \u00b5g\/mL; 8-hydroxyefavirenz concentration was markedly decreased at 0.10 (0.07\u20130.15) \u00b5g\/mL.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our cohort provides definitive evidence that LENS is associated with the CYP2B6 slow metabolizer genotype, with a median efavirenz plasma concentration\u2005&amp;gt;12-fold higher than the defined upper limit of the therapeutic range. Isoniazid and low body weight are important contributors to LENS development.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T20:12:23Z","timestamp":1637093543000},"page":"399-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pharmacogenetics of the Late-Onset Efavirenz Neurotoxicity Syndrome (LENS)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6464-4257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"van Rensburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Nightingale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naeem","family":"Brey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine H","family":"Albertyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy A","family":"Kellermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jantjie J","family":"Taljaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tonya M","family":"Esterhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phumla Z","family":"Sinxadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric H","family":"Decloedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022083020581465900_CIT0001","author":"World Health 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