{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T17:49:01Z","timestamp":1776448141350,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Denver Department of Public Health and Environment"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007590","name":"Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A better understanding of the risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that people experiencing homelessness (PEH) face in congregate shelters versus unsheltered encampments is critical for an effective pandemic response.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed factors associated with current and past severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among PEH in day and overnight shelters and encampments in Denver, Colorado, during June 2\u2013July 28, 2020, and constructed multivariable logistic regression models to examine risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and seropositivity with age, race\/ethnicity, testing location, testing month, and symptom status as predictor variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 823 participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and 276 individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. A greater percentage of PEH at overnight shelters tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (8.6% vs 2.5%, P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.01) and antibodies (21.5% vs 8.7%, P\u2005=\u2005.03) compared with encampments. In regression models, testing at an overnight shelter compared with testing at encampments (odds ratio [OR]\u2005=\u20053.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16\u20139.02) had increased odds of a positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA result. Age &amp;gt;60 years compared with age &amp;lt;40 years (OR\u2005=\u20055.92; 95% CI: 1.83\u201320.3), Hispanic ethnicity (OR\u2005=\u20053.43; 95% CI: 1.36\u20138.95), and non-Hispanic Black race compared with non-Hispanic White race (OR\u2005=\u20053.07; 95% CI: 1.16\u20138.26), and testing at an overnight shelter compared to testing at encampments (OR\u2005=\u20052.45; 95% CI: 1.04\u20136.17) had increased odds of a positive antibody result.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings support the need for continuing assessment of mitigation strategies in shelters, increasing access to individual rooms and linkage to housing options for PEH, and supporting people to remain in encampments when these options are not available.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T12:08:15Z","timestamp":1642248495000},"page":"e157-e164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Lower Prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Among People Experiencing Homelessness Tested in Outdoor Encampments Compared With Overnight Shelters: Denver, Colorado, June\u2013July 2020"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Sarah E","family":"Rowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver, Colorado , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia USA"},{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen A","family":"Wendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver, Colorado , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Chavez-van de Hey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kay","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver, Colorado , USA"},{"name":"Public Health Associate Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah A","family":"Stella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver, Colorado , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William J","family":"Burman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver, Colorado , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace E","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority , Denver, Colorado , USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver , Aurora, Colorado , USA"},{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, Colorado , 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