{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:47:13Z","timestamp":1790214433013,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Emerging Pathogens and Epidemic Response Cluster of Clinical Research Excellence"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007054","name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30119C05584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30119C05584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75D30120C07725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75D30120C07725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DK119463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DK119463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23HD096018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23HD096018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23HL146936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23HL146936"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens in blood has high sensitivity in adults with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but sensitivity in pediatric patients is unclear. Recent data suggest that persistent SARS-CoV-2 spike antigenemia may contribute to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We quantified SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) antigens in blood of pediatric patients with either acute COVID-19 or MIS-C using ultrasensitive immunoassays (Meso Scale Discovery).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma was collected from inpatients (&amp;lt;21 years) enrolled across 15 hospitals in 15 US states. Acute COVID-19 patients (n\u2005=\u200536) had a range of disease severity and positive nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR within 24 hours of blood collection. Patients with MIS-C (n\u2005=\u200553) met CDC criteria and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (RT-PCR or serology). Controls were patients pre\u2013COVID-19 (n\u2005=\u200567) or within 24 hours of negative RT-PCR (n\u2005=\u200543).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Specificities of N and S assays were 95\u201397% and 100%, respectively. In acute COVID-19 patients, N\/S plasma assays had 89%\/64% sensitivity; sensitivities in patients with concurrent nasopharyngeal swab cycle threshold (Ct) \u226435 were 93%\/63%. Antigen concentrations ranged from 1.28\u20133844 pg\/mL (N) and 1.65\u20131071 pg\/mL (S) and correlated with disease severity. In MIS-C, antigens were detected in 3\/53 (5.7%) samples (3 N-positive: 1.7, 1.9, 121.1 pg\/mL; 1 S-positive: 2.3 pg\/mL); the patient with highest N had positive nasopharyngeal RT-PCR (Ct 22.3) concurrent with blood draw.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrasensitive blood SARS-CoV-2 antigen measurement has high diagnostic yield in children with acute COVID-19. Antigens were undetectable in most MIS-C patients, suggesting that persistent antigenemia is not a common contributor to MIS-C pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T15:13:55Z","timestamp":1645715635000},"page":"1351-1358","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Measurement of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antigens in Plasma of Pediatric Patients With Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Using an Ultrasensitive and Quantitative Immunoassay"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"George B","family":"Sigal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, and Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navaratnam","family":"Manjula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeepthi","family":"Bathala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Joe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Padmanabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Allegri-Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Joerger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L","family":"Loftis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie P","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children\u2019s Hospital , Chapel Hill, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracie C","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children\u2019s Hospital , Chapel Hill, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie C","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko M","family":"Tarquinio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt S","family":"Zinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Critical Care and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha B","family":"Halasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa L","family":"Cullimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline B","family":"Maddux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary A","family":"Staat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Irby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital , Little Rock, Arkansas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi R","family":"Flori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children\u2019s Hospital and University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bria M","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Crandall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shira J","family":"Gertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center , Livingston, New Jersey , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne G","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, and Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nira 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