{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:32:46Z","timestamp":1784842366665,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1211225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1211225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1181792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1181792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have been widely implemented in low- and middle-income countries. However, immunogenicity in immunocompromised patients has not been established. Herein, we aimed to evaluate immune response to CoronaVac vaccine in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This prospective cohort study included 193 participants with 5 different immunocompromising conditions and 67 controls, receiving 2 doses of CoronaVac 8\u201312 weeks before enrollment. The study was conducted between May and August 2021, at Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) positivity, total anti\u2013SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G antibody (TAb) concentrations, and T-cell responses were determined.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NAb positivity and median neutralizing activity were 83.1% and 51.2% for the control group versus 20.6% and 5.7% (both P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001) in the solid organ transplant group, 41.5% and 19.2% (both P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.0001) in the autoimmune rheumatic diseases group, 43.3% (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001) and 21.4% (P&amp;lt;.01 or P\u2005=\u2005.001) in the cancer with solid tumors group, 45.5% and 28.7% (both P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001) in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection group, 64.3% and 56.6% (both differences not significant) in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant group, respectively. TAb seropositivity was also lower for the solid organ transplant (20.6%; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.0001), rheumatic diseases (61%; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001), and HIV groups (70.9%; P\u2005=\u2005.003), compared with the control group (92.3%). On the other hand, the number of interferon \u03b3 spot-forming T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 tended to be lower in all immunocompromising conditions but did not differ significantly between groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diverse immunocompromising conditions markedly reduce the humoral response to CoronaVac vaccine. These findings suggest that a boosting vaccination strategy should be considered in these vulnerable patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical Trials Registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NCT04888793.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T12:16:36Z","timestamp":1646655396000},"page":"e594-e602","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Reduced Immune Response to Inactivated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine in a Cohort of Immunocompromised Patients in Chile"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"M Elvira","family":"Balcells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Adulto, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Le Corre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunologia Pediatrica. Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Infectolog\u00eda y Virolog\u00eda Molecular, Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Reumatolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"Ceballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Adulto, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Vizcaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunologia Pediatrica. Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Mondaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Hematolog\u00eda y Oncolog\u00eda, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Dib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Trasplante, Departamento de Cirug\u00eda Digestiva, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Rabagliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Adulto, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Hematolog\u00eda y Oncolog\u00eda, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula I","family":"Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Reumatolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Ferr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunologia Pediatrica. 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Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigall","family":"Budnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Reumatolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Solari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Laboratorios Cl\u00ednicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda de los \u00c1ngeles","family":"Vizcaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanns","family":"Lembach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clinico de Transplantes, Hospital 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and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Molecular y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis M","family":"Kalergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica Molecular y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile and"},{"name":"Departamento de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile , Santiago , Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan 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