{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:12:17Z","timestamp":1791558737750,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Duke Microbiome Center, Children\u2019s Miracle Network Hospitals, and the Translating Duke Health Children\u2019s Health and Discovery Initiative"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-1545220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1545220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM008555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM008555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-HD094671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-HD094671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH Career Development Award","award":["K23-AI135090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-AI135090"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children are less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and typically have milder illness courses than adults, but the factors underlying these age-associated differences are not well understood. The upper respiratory microbiome undergoes substantial shifts during childhood and is increasingly recognized to influence host defense against respiratory pathogens. Thus, we sought to identify upper respiratory microbiome features associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility and illness severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected clinical data and nasopharyngeal swabs from 285 children, adolescents, and young adults (&amp;lt;21 years) with documented SARS-CoV-2 exposure. We used 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize the nasopharyngeal microbiome and evaluated for age-adjusted associations between microbiome characteristics and SARS-CoV-2 infection status and respiratory symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasopharyngeal microbiome composition varied with age (PERMANOVA, P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.001; R2\u2005=\u20050.06) and between SARS-CoV-2\u2013infected individuals with and without respiratory symptoms (PERMANOVA, P \u2005=\u2005.002; R2\u2005=\u20050.009). SARS-CoV-2\u2013infected participants with Corynebacterium\/Dolosigranulum-dominant microbiome profiles were less likely to have respiratory symptoms than infected participants with other nasopharyngeal microbiome profiles (OR: .38; 95% CI: .18\u2013.81). Using generalized joint attributed modeling, we identified 9 bacterial taxa associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 6 taxa differentially abundant among SARS-CoV-2\u2013infected participants with respiratory symptoms; the magnitude of these associations was strongly influenced by age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified interactive relationships between age and specific nasopharyngeal microbiome features that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility and symptoms in children, adolescents, and young adults. Our data suggest that the upper respiratory microbiome may be a mechanism by which age influences SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and illness severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T15:11:39Z","timestamp":1646320299000},"page":"e928-e937","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Age-Related Changes in the Nasopharyngeal Microbiome Are Associated With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection and Symptoms Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5079-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jillian H","family":"Hurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Health and Discovery 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M","family":"Heston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra J","family":"Lugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre T","family":"Rotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , 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