{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:34:43Z","timestamp":1793140483993,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["55007065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55007065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Health Innovation partnership, Unit of the Strategic Health Innovation Partnerships Unit of the South African Medical Research Council","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05q60vz69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"SAMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1RO1AL151173-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RO1AL151173-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Undiagnosed asymptomatic subclinical tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant threat to global TB control, accounting for a substantial proportion of cases among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/AIDS (PLWHA). We determined incidence, progression, and outcomes of subclinical TB in antiretroviral therapy (ART)\u2013accessing PLWHA with known previous TB in South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 402 adult PLWHA previously treated for TB were enrolled in the prospective Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa TRuTH (TB Recurrence Upon TB and HIV treatment) Study. Participants were screened for TB with quarterly clinical and bacteriologic evaluation and biannual chest radiographs over 36 months. Those with suspected or confirmed TB were referred to the National TB Programme. Participants received HIV services, including ART. Incidence rate of TB was estimated using Poisson regression and descriptive statistical analyses summarized data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 48 of 402 (11.9%) bacteriologically confirmed incident recurrent TB cases were identified, comprising 17 of 48 (35.4%) subclinical TB cases and 31 of 48 (64.5%) clinical TB cases. Age, sex, and body mass index were similar among subclinical, clinical, and no TB groups. Incidence rates (95% Confidence Interval [CI]) of recurrent TB overall, in clinical and subclinical TB groups were 2.3 (1.7-3.0), 1.5 (1.1-2.2), and 0.9 (0.5-1.4) per 100 person-years, respectively. In the subclinical TB group, 14 of 17 (82.4%) were diagnosed by TB culture only, 11 of 17 (64.7%) received TB treatment, and 6 of 17 (35.3%) resolved TB spontaneously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High incidence rates of recurrent subclinical TB in PLWHA highlight inadequacies of symptom-based TB screening in high TB\u2013HIV burden settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T15:11:38Z","timestamp":1646406698000},"page":"1628-1636","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Recurrent Subclinical Tuberculosis Among Antiretroviral Therapy\u2013Accessing Participants: Incidence, Clinical Course, and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kogieleum","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikaila C","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razia","family":"Hassan-Moosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navisha","family":"Dookie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nonhlanhla","family":"Yende-Zuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubeshan","family":"Perumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halima","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Grey\u2019s Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nomonde R","family":"Mvelase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, KwaZulu-Natal Academic Complex, National Health Laboratory Service , Durban , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barun","family":"Mathema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim Abdool","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022102916074717800_CIT0001","volume-title":"World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Report 2019","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022102916074717800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2394PP","article-title":"The epidemiological importance of subclinical tuberculosis. 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