{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T19:14:09Z","timestamp":1780341249223,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patient exposure to antibiotics promotes the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens. The aim of this study was to identify whether the temporal dynamics of resistance emergence at the individual-patient level were predictable for specific pathogen-drug classes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Following a systematic review, a novel robust error meta-regression method for dose-response meta-analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for carrying resistant bacteria during and following treatment compared to baseline. Probability density functions fitted to the resulting dose-response curves were then used to optimize the period during and\/or after treatment when resistant pathogens were most likely to be identified.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae treatment with \u03b2-lactam antibiotics demonstrated a peak in resistance prevalence among patients 4 days after completing treatment with a 3.32-fold increase in odds (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71\u20136.46). Resistance waned more gradually than it emerged, returning to preexposure levels 1 month after treatment (OR, 0.98 [95% CI, .55\u20131.75]). Patient isolation during the peak dose-response period would be expected to reduce the risk that a transmitted pathogen is resistant equivalently to a 50% longer isolation window timed from the first day of treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Predictable temporal dynamics of resistance levels have implications both for surveillance and control.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T11:18:09Z","timestamp":1649935089000},"page":"1962-1970","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["\u03b2-Lactam\u2013Resistant <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i> Dynamics Following Treatment: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Matas","family":"Griskaitis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Computer Science, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz , Mainz , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Furuya-Kanamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasim","family":"Allel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Stabler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8639-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laith","family":"Yakob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.008","article-title":"Antibiotics: past, present and future","volume":"51","author":"Hutchings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2017.62","article-title":"A brief history of antibiotics and select advances in their synthesis","volume":"71","author":"Nicolaou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antibiot (Tokyo)"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2319","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and its cost: is it possible to reverse resistance?","volume":"8","author":"Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance","volume":"4","author":"Munita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00757.x","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"271","author":"Aminov","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e368","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30296-2","article-title":"Quantifying drivers of antibiotic resistance in humans: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17907-0","article-title":"Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study","volume":"365","author":"Goossens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv164","article-title":"Not in my backyard: a systematic review of clinicians\u2019 knowledge and beliefs about antibiotic resistance","volume":"70","author":"McCullough","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39435","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.39435","article-title":"The distribution of antibiotic use and its association with antibiotic resistance","volume":"7","author":"Olesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-13","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00856-08","article-title":"Association between antimicrobial consumption and resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"53","author":"Bergman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540802651897","article-title":"Prolonged impact of a one-week course of clindamycin on Enterococcus spp. in human normal microbiota","volume":"41","author":"Lindgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1109-4","article-title":"Resistance decay in individuals after antibiotic exposure in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Bakhit","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c2096","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2096","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"340","author":"Costelloe","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199708143370701","article-title":"The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci in Finland. Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"337","author":"Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S161","DOI":"10.1086\/321843","article-title":"Minimizing potential resistance: a population dynamics view","volume":"33","author":"Levin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B18","first-page":"58","article-title":"Models for the spread of resistant pathogens","volume":"60","author":"Levin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j3418","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3418","article-title":"The antibiotic course has had its day","volume":"358","author":"Llewelyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2588","article-title":"Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial","volume":"290","author":"Chastre","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9909095","article-title":"Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription","volume":"162","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00313-5","article-title":"Discontinuing beta-lactam treatment after 3 days for patients with community-acquired pneumonia in non-critical care wards (PTC): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial","volume":"397","author":"Dinh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116237","article-title":"Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Greenland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12267","article-title":"Introduction to methodology of dose-response meta-analysis for binary outcome: with application on software","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-21","article-title":"Against quantiles: categorization of continuous variables in epidemiologic research, and its discontents","volume":"12","author":"Bennette","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5512","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3148","article-title":"Selection of important variables and determination of functional form for continuous predictors in multivariable model building","volume":"26","author":"Sauerbrei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B28"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000132","article-title":"The robust error meta-regression method for dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B32","author":"Furuya-Kanamori"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B33","author":"Reid"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1988.01860180081036","article-title":"Emergence and persistence of \u03b2-lactamase\u2013producing bacteria in the oropharynx following penicillin treatment","volume":"114","author":"Brook","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.08.012","article-title":"Eradication of pathogens from the nasopharynx after therapy of acute maxillary sinusitis with low- or high-dose amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid","volume":"26","author":"Brook","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.4.1419-1421.2004","article-title":"Eradication of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasopharyngeal flora of children with acute otitis media after amoxicillin-clavulanate therapy","volume":"48","author":"Brook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199706000-00004","article-title":"Change in nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae resulting from antibiotic therapy for acute otitis media in children","volume":"16","author":"Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199905000-00002","article-title":"One dose ceftriaxone vs. ten days of amoxicillin\/clavulanate therapy for acute otitis media: clinical efficacy and change in nasopharyngeal flora","volume":"18","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0270-5","article-title":"Impact of amoxicillin, associated or not with clavulanic acid, on pharyngeal colonization and selection of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance in children under 5 years of age","volume":"166","author":"Conradi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.2.253","article-title":"Effects of cefixime or co-amoxiclav treatment on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in children with acute otitis media","volume":"41","author":"Dabernat","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70061-2","article-title":"Increased carriage of resistant non-pneumococcal alpha-hemolytic streptococci after antibiotic therapy","volume":"135","author":"Ghaffar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1086\/318160","article-title":"Effects of amoxicillin\/clavulanate or azithromycin on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in children with acute otitis media","volume":"31","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1086\/340054","article-title":"Effects of large dosages of amoxicillin\/clavulanate or azithromycin on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, nonpneumococcal alpha-hemolytic streptococci, and Staphylococcus aureus in children with acute otitis media","volume":"34","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2765-2769.2003","article-title":"Impact of azithromycin administration for trachoma control on the carriage of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"47","author":"Batt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.133462","article-title":"Mass administration of azithromycin and Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage: cross-sectional surveys in the Gambia","volume":"92","author":"Burr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.12.1332","article-title":"Alterations in the conjunctival bacterial flora following a single dose of azithromycin in a trachoma endemic area","volume":"83","author":"Chern","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1086\/382879","article-title":"Two regimens of azithromycin prophylaxis against community-acquired respiratory and skin\/soft-tissue infections among military trainees","volume":"38","author":"Guchev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B48","first-page":"34","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of azithromycin prophylaxis of respiratory tract infections in military community [in Russian]","volume":"49","author":"Guchev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antibiot Khimioter"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.03.005","article-title":"Oral azithromycin given during labour decreases bacterial carriage in the mothers and their offspring: a double-blind randomized trial","volume":"22","author":"Roca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.1.49","article-title":"Effect of short-course, high-dose amoxicillin therapy on resistant pneumococcal carriage: a randomized trial","volume":"286","author":"Schrag","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000148880.61449.82","article-title":"Impact of amoxicillin on pneumococcal colonization compared with other therapies for acute otitis media","volume":"24","author":"Toltzis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000247130.11902.64","article-title":"Comparative effects of single-dose ceftriaxone versus three oral antibiotic regimens on stool colonization by resistant bacilli in children","volume":"26","author":"Toltzis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0982-x","article-title":"Short-term increase in prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus following mass drug administration with azithromycin for trachoma control","volume":"17","author":"Bojang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.010207-0","article-title":"Reduced susceptibility to amoxicillin of oral streptococci following amoxicillin exposure","volume":"58","author":"Chardin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0547-x","article-title":"Influence of azithromycin and clarithromycin on macrolide susceptibility of viridans streptococci from the oral cavity of healthy volunteers","volume":"27","author":"Eisenbl\u00e4tter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl420","article-title":"Clindamycin-induced enrichment and long-term persistence of resistant Bacteroides spp. and resistance genes","volume":"58","author":"L\u00f6fmark","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60235-9","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin and clarithromycin therapy on pharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resistant streptococci in healthy volunteers: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"369","author":"Malhotra-Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw234","article-title":"Impact of amoxicillin therapy on resistance selection in patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections: a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"71","author":"Malhotra-Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2015.150494","article-title":"Effect of periodontal therapy with amoxicillin-metronidazole on pharyngeal carriage of penicillin- and erythromycin-resistant viridans streptococci","volume":"87","author":"Mombelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701199790","article-title":"Long-term antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli from human intestinal microbiota after administration of clindamycin","volume":"39","author":"Nyberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000377","article-title":"Antibiotic selection pressure and macrolide resistance in nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae: a cluster-randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Skalet","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39274.647465.BE","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic prescribing on antibiotic resistance in individual children in primary care: prospective cohort study","volume":"335","author":"Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.6.2030-2035.2003","article-title":"Emergence of resistance in normal human aerobic commensal flora during telithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatments","volume":"47","author":"Cr\u00e9mieux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199810000-00006","article-title":"Dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization during the first days of antibiotic treatment in pediatric patients","volume":"17","author":"Dagan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90263-D","article-title":"Emergence and persistence of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in the upper respiratory tract in children treated with beta-lactam antibiotics","volume":"88","author":"Eliasson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.068981","article-title":"Topical ocular antibiotics induce bacterial resistance at extraocular sites","volume":"89","author":"Gaynor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200001000-00009","article-title":"Impact of azithromycin on oropharyngeal carriage of group A Streptococcus and nasopharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"19","author":"Morita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198201213060302","article-title":"Emergence of high-level trimethoprim resistance in fecal Escherichia coli during oral administration of trimethoprim or trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole","volume":"306","author":"Murray","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.28.2.354","article-title":"Emergence of trimethoprim resistance in fecal flora","volume":"28","author":"T M","year":"1985","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990902953468","article-title":"Levofloxacin versus azithromycin on the oropharyngeal carriage and selection of antibacterial-resistant streptococci in the microflora of healthy adults","volume":"25","author":"Nord","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01841.x","article-title":"Changes in Escherichia coli resistance patterns during and after antibiotic therapy: a longitudinal study among outpatients in Germany","volume":"14","author":"Raum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1086\/313981","article-title":"Impact of antimicrobial therapy on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Branhamella catarrhalis in children with respiratory tract infections","volume":"31","author":"Varon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-1507-2","article-title":"Quantifying the economic cost of antibiotic resistance and the impact of related interventions: rapid methodological review, conceptual framework and recommendations for future studies","volume":"18","author":"Jit","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B74","volume-title":"Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4708-6","article-title":"Filling the gaps in global antimicrobial resistance research\/surveillance","volume":"20","author":"Furuya-Kanamori","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12527.1","article-title":"AMR surveillance in low and middle-income settings\u2014a roadmap for participation in the Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System (GLASS)","volume":"2","author":"Seale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1086\/502278","article-title":"Favorable impact of a multidisciplinary antibiotic management program conducted during 7 years","volume":"24","author":"Carling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)90015-1","article-title":"An antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant bacilli","volume":"355","author":"de Man","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B79","first-page":"CD003543","article-title":"Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients","volume":"2","author":"Davey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10 Suppl 2","key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2007.10.007","article-title":"Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings","volume":"35","author":"Siegel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22641","article-title":"Is patient isolation the single most important measure to prevent the spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens?","volume":"4","author":"Landelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04196-3","article-title":"Adverse effects of contact isolation","volume":"354","author":"Kirkland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2001.1098","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: psychological impact of hospitalization and isolation in an older adult population","volume":"49","author":"Tarzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2022113017000739000_ciac293-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7549.1080","article-title":"The cost of dichotomising continuous variables","volume":"332","author":"Altman","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac293\/44258253\/ciac293.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/75\/11\/1962\/47466233\/ciac293.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/75\/11\/1962\/47466233\/ciac293.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T17:29:21Z","timestamp":1669829361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/75\/11\/1962\/6570668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]}}}