{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:24:32Z","timestamp":1791897872908,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The optimal treatment duration of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children has been controversial in high-income countries. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare short antibiotic treatment (3\u20135 days) with longer treatment (7\u201310 days) among children aged \u22656 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>On 31 January 2022, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies published in English from 2003 to 2022. We included randomized controlled trials focusing on antibiotic treatment duration in children with CAP treated as outpatients. We calculated risk differences (RDs) with 95% confidence intervals and used the fixed-effect model (low heterogeneity). Our main outcome was treatment failure, defined as need for retreatment or hospitalization within 1 month. Our secondary outcome was presence of antibiotic-related harms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 541 studies were screened, and 4 studies with 1541 children were included in the review. Three studies had low risk of bias, and one had some concerns. All 4 studies assessed treatment failures, and the RD was 0.1% (95% confidence interval, \u22123.0% to 2.0%) with high quality of evidence. Two studies (1194 children) assessed adverse events related to antibiotic treatment, and the RD was 0.0% (\u22125.0% to 5.0%) with moderate quality of evidence. The diagnostic criteria varied between the included studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A short antibiotic treatment duration of 3\u20135 days was equally effective and safe compared with the longer (current) recommendation of 7\u201310 days in children aged \u22656 months with CAP. We suggest that short antibiotic courses can be implemented in treatment of pediatric CAP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T13:36:42Z","timestamp":1652794602000},"page":"e1123-e1128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Antibiotic Treatment Duration for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Outpatient Children in High-Income Countries\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8178-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilari","family":"Kuitunen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mikkeli Central Hospital , Mikkeli , Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Korppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere and University Hospital , Tampere , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjo","family":"Renko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital , Kuopio , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020817064270400_ciac374-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir625","article-title":"Executive summary: the management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"53","author":"Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023020817064270400_ciac374-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200598","article-title":"British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 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