{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T01:05:38Z","timestamp":1789088738432,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIA"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Center of Research Excellence"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Response"},{"name":"Irma and Paul Milstein Program for Senior Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014354","name":"Milstein Medical Asian American Partnership Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Health System"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male sex and old age are risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019, but the intersection of sex and aging on antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines has not been characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma samples were collected from older adults (aged 75\u201398 years) before and after 3 doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, and from younger adults (aged 18\u201374 years) post-dose 2, for comparison. Antibody binding to SARS-CoV-2 antigens (spike protein [S], S receptor-binding domain, and nucleocapsid), functional activity against S, and live-virus neutralization were measured against the vaccine virus and the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants of concern (VOCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination induced greater antibody titers in older females than in older males, with both age and frailty associated with reduced antibody responses in males but not females. Responses declined significantly in the 6 months after the second dose. The third dose restored functional antibody responses and eliminated disparities caused by sex, age, and frailty in older adults. Responses to the VOCs, particularly the Omicron variant, were significantly reduced relative to the vaccine virus, with older males having lower titers to the VOCs than older females. Older adults had lower responses to the vaccine and VOC viruses than younger adults, with greater disparities in males than in females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older and frail males may be more vulnerable to breakthrough infections owing to low antibody responses before receipt of a third vaccine dose. Promoting third dose coverage in older adults, especially males, is crucial to protecting this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T02:16:58Z","timestamp":1653358618000},"page":"S61-S71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Association of Frailty, Age, and Biological Sex With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Messenger RNA Vaccine\u2013Induced Immunity in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Janna R","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Sitaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Sol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tihitina Y","family":"Aytenfisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor S","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Wouters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pricila","family":"Hauk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Engle","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Kocot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianrui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Betenbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda K","family":"Debes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron M","family":"Milstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew H","family":"Karaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Pekosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean X","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Immune Remodeling , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabra L","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"},{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2020.52.2.154","article-title":"Age-related morbidity and mortality among patients with COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2918-0","article-title":"Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"590","author":"O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101205","article-title":"Aging in COVID-19: vulnerability, immunity and intervention","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"27","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110632","article-title":"Immunosenescence: a systems-level overview of immune cell biology and strategies for improving vaccine responses","volume":"124","author":"Crooke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B7","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants in vaccinated Ontario long-term care home residents and workers","author":"Abe","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibody response 3 months after 2 doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in residents of long-term care facilities","author":"Causa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab447","article-title":"Reduced BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine response in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)\u2013naive nursing home residents","volume":"73","author":"Canaday","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3517","article-title":"Estimating the burden of SARS-CoV-2 in France","volume":"369","author":"Salje","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York city area","volume":"323","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008520","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008520","article-title":"Sex-specific clinical characteristics and prognosis of coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study of 168 severe patients","volume":"16","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97711-8","article-title":"An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020: a descriptive analysis","volume":"11","author":"Bauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0348-8","article-title":"Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Scully","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01269","article-title":"The confluence of sex hormones and aging on immunity","volume":"9","author":"Gubbels Bupp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14396-9","article-title":"Sexual-dimorphism in human immune system aging","volume":"11","author":"M\u00e1rquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00412-6","article-title":"Sex-specific effects of aging on humoral immune responses to repeated influenza vaccination in older adults","volume":"6","author":"Shapiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"NP J Vaccines"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139306","article-title":"Clinical trials for COVID-19 should include sex as a variable","volume":"130","author":"Bischof","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2022.836642","article-title":"Roadmap for sex-responsive influenza and COVID-19 vaccine research in older adults","volume":"3","author":"Shapiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"24","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.19996","article-title":"Durability of antibody levels after vaccination with mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in individuals with or without prior infection","volume":"326","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142004","article-title":"Sex, age, and hospitalization drive antibody responses in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor population","volume":"130","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B23"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16933","article-title":"A third dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine increases neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"22","author":"Karaba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.155944","article-title":"Adaptive immune responses in vaccinated patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 alpha infection","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1201200310","article-title":"Sensible parameters for univariate and multivariate splines","volume":"12","author":"Newson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70330","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70330","article-title":"Cross-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Grobben","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B28","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit higher levels of original antigenic sin antibodies compared to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations","author":"Anderson","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11656","article-title":"Age-dependent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 and P.1 variant by vaccine immune serum samples","volume":"326","author":"Bates","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B30","first-page":"2100096","article-title":"Impact of age, ethnicity, sex and prior infection status on immunogenicity following a single dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: real-world evidence from healthcare workers, Israel, December 2020 to January 2021","volume":"26","author":"Jabal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03739-1","article-title":"Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2","volume":"596","author":"Collier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.758294","article-title":"The impact of age difference on the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B33","article-title":"Older adults mount less durable humoral responses to a two-dose COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, but strong initial responses to a third dose","author":"Mwimanzi","journal-title":"J Infect Dis https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac199. Published 11 May 2022."},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17153","article-title":"Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 vaccine in frail or disabled nursing home residents: COVID-A study","volume":"69","author":"R\u00edos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-021-09944-9","article-title":"Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in older residents of a long-term care facility: relation with age, frailty and prior infection status","volume":"23","author":"Seiffert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.778679","article-title":"Impaired functional T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 after two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in older people","volume":"12","author":"Demaret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B37","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 infection risk amongst 14,104 vaccinated care home residents: a national observational longitudinal cohort study in Wales, UK, December 2020\u2013March 2021","volume":"51","author":"Hollinghurst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00460-6","article-title":"Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Antonelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.12.006","article-title":"Towards a population-based threshold of protection for COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"40","author":"Goldblatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"7898","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04399-5","article-title":"Activity of convalescent and vaccine serum against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron","volume":"602","author":"Carre\u00f1o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn9243","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn9243","article-title":"Omicron variant spike-specific antibody binding and Fc activity is preserved in recipients of mRNA or inactivated COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Bartsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253487","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253487","article-title":"The Fc-mediated effector functions of a potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, SC31, isolated from an early convalescent COVID-19 patient, are essential for the optimal therapeutic efficacy of the antibody","volume":"16","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100405","article-title":"Fab and Fc contribute to maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2 following NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine with Matrix-M vaccination","volume":"2","author":"Gorman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Reports Medicine"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74135","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74135","article-title":"Statistics: sex difference analyses under scrutiny","volume":"10","author":"Vorland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.02.047","article-title":"Sex-specific effects of age and body mass index on antibody responses to seasonal influenza vaccines in healthcare workers","volume":"40","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03644-7","article-title":"A finding of sex similarities rather than differences in COVID-19 outcomes","volume":"597","author":"Shattuck-Heidorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005714","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005714","article-title":"Stop \u2018controlling\u2019 for sex and gender in global health research","volume":"6","author":"Shapiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Global Heal"},{"key":"2022081503570072600_ciac397-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-00577-z","article-title":"COVID-19: use intersectional analyses to close gaps in outcomes and vaccination","volume":"591","author":"Shapiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac397\/43801711\/ciac397.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/75\/Supplement_1\/S61\/45407502\/ciac397.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/75\/Supplement_1\/S61\/45407502\/ciac397.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,14]],"date-time":"2022-08-14T23:58:17Z","timestamp":1660521497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/75\/Supplement_1\/S61\/6590987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac397","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.03.11.22272269","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]}}}