{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:50:22Z","timestamp":1773291022048,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We assess if state-issued nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are associated with reduced rates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection as measured through anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) seroprevalence, a proxy for cumulative prior infection that distinguishes seropositivity from vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Monthly anti-N seroprevalence during 1 August 2020 to 30 March 2021 was estimated using a nationwide blood donor serosurvey. Using multivariable logistic regression models, we measured the association of seropositivity and state-issued, county-specific NPIs for mask mandates, gathering bans, and bar closures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared with individuals living in a county with all three NPIs in place, the odds of having anti-N antibodies were 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0\u20132.3) times higher for people living in a county that did not have any of the 3 NPIs, 1.6 (95% CI: 1.5\u20131.7) times higher for people living in a county that only had a mask mandate and gathering ban policy, and 1.4 (95% CI: 1.3\u20131.5) times higher for people living in a county that had only a mask mandate.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Consistent with studies assessing NPIs relative to COVID-19 incidence and mortality, the presence of NPIs were associated with lower SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence indicating lower rates of cumulative infections. Multiple NPIs are likely more effective than single NPIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T05:42:14Z","timestamp":1654839734000},"page":"S264-S270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association of Trends in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Seroprevalence and State-Issued Nonpharmaceutical Interventions: United States, 1 August 2020 to 30 March 2021"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5284-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen J","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Himschoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Fitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sucheta","family":"Jawalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dane","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charity","family":"Hilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Tech Research Institute , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Berney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Gery P","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tina J","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristie E N","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean D","family":"Opsomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westat, Inc , Rockville, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan L","family":"Stramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross , Gaithersburg, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aron J","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adi V","family":"Gundlapalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia , 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