{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T07:14:34Z","timestamp":1775114074980,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza viruses continue to co-circulate, representing 2 major public health threats from respiratory infections with similar clinical presentations. SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines can also now be co-administered. However, data on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza coinfection and vaccine co-administration remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We developed a 41-plex antibody immunity assay that can simultaneously characterize antibody landscapes to SARS-CoV-2\/influenza\/common human coronaviruses. We analyzed sera from 840 individuals (11\u201393 years), including sera from reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)\u2013confirmed SARS-CoV-2\u2013positive (n\u2009=\u2009218) and \u2013negative (n\u2009=\u2009120) cases, paired sera from SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (n\u2009=\u200929) and infection (n\u2009=\u200911), and paired sera from influenza vaccination (n\u2009=\u200956) and RT-PCR\u2013confirmed influenza infection (n\u2009=\u2009158) cases. Last, we analyzed sera collected from 377 individuals who exhibited acute respiratory illness (ARI) in 2020.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This 41-plex assay has high sensitivity and specificity in detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections. It differentiated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (antibody responses only to spike protein) from infection (antibody responses to both spike and nucleoprotein). No cross-reactive antibodies were induced to SARS-CoV-2 from influenza vaccination and infection, and vice versa, suggesting no interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza antibody responses. However, cross-reactive antibodies were detected between spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and common human coronaviruses that were removed by serum adsorption. Among 377 individuals who exhibited ARI in 2020, 129 were influenza positive; none had serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2\/influenza coinfections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiplex detection of antibody landscapes can provide in-depth analysis of the antibody protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the context of other respiratory viruses, including influenza.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T05:41:15Z","timestamp":1654839675000},"page":"S271-S284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multiplex Detection of Antibody Landscapes to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)\/Influenza\/Common Human Coronaviruses Following Vaccination or Infection With SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Zhu Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacie","family":"Jefferson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Horner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Carney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D L","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, Valley Fever Center for Excellence, and Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer P","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute , Marshfield, Wisconsin , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily T","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard K","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Schools of Health Sciences , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Wernli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute , Seattle, Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manjusha","family":"Gaglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor Scott & White Health , Temple, Texas , USA"},{"name":"Texas A&M University University College of Medicine , Temple, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , 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