{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:50:49Z","timestamp":1790707849745,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a high-consequence bacterial pathogen that occurs naturally in many parts of the world and is considered an agent of biowarfare or bioterrorism. Understanding antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of B. anthracis isolates is foundational to treating naturally occurring outbreaks and to public health preparedness in the event of an intentional release. In this systematic review, we searched the peer-reviewed literature for all publications detailing antimicrobial susceptibility testing of B. anthracis. Within the set of discovered articles, we collated a subset of publications detailing susceptibility testing that followed standardized protocols for Food and Drug Administration\u2013approved, commercially available antimicrobials. We analyzed the findings from the discovered articles, including the reported minimal inhibitory concentrations. Across the literature, most B. anthracis isolates were reported as susceptible to current first-line antimicrobials recommended for postexposure prophylaxis and treatment. The data presented for potential alternative antimicrobials will be of use if significant resistance to first-line antimicrobials arises, the strain is bioengineered, or first-line antimicrobials are not tolerated or available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T18:48:44Z","timestamp":1666032524000},"page":"S373-S378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Systematic Review of In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>, 1947\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Tucker","family":"Maxson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather P","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Bugrysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake","family":"Cherney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Lascols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2178-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Sue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022113009301835300_ciac520-B1","first-page":"2010","volume-title":"Bacillus anthracis and anthrax","author":"Turnbull"},{"key":"2022113009301835300_ciac520-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/51.2.191","article-title":"Identity of bacillus subtilis, Cohn 1872","volume":"51","author":"Soule","year":"1932","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"22","key":"2022113009301835300_ciac520-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012892","article-title":"Recognition and management of anthrax\u2013an update","volume":"345","author":"Swartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022113009301835300_ciac520-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.1.63","article-title":"Zoonosis update. Anthrax","volume":"233","author":"Shadomy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2022113009301835300_ciac520-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00200-5","article-title":"The prophylaxis and treatment of anthrax","volume":"20","author":"Brook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2022113009301835300_ciac520-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.18.1735","article-title":"Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense","volume":"281","author":"Inglesby","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"2022113009301835300_ciac520-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.11.035","article-title":"Anthrax: a systematic review of atypical presentations","volume":"48","author":"Holty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2022113009301835300_ciac520-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130687","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.130687","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults","volume":"20","author":"Hendricks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113009301835300_ciac520-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6012.748","article-title":"A fatal case of pulmonary anthrax","volume":"1","author":"Severn","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br Med 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