{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:53:53Z","timestamp":1787871233688,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bacillus anthracis is a high-priority threat agent because of its widespread availability, easy dissemination, and ability to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Although timely and appropriate antimicrobial therapy can reduce morbidity and mortality, the role of adjunctive therapies continues to be explored.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We searched 11 databases for articles that report use of anthrax antitoxins in treatment or prevention of systemic anthrax disease published through July 2019. We identified other data sources through reference search and communication with experts. We included English-language studies on antitoxin products with approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for anthrax in humans, nonhuman primates, and rabbits. Two researchers independently reviewed studies for inclusion and abstracted relevant data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We abstracted data from 12 publications and 2 case reports. All 3 FDA-approved anthrax antitoxins demonstrated significant improvement in survival as monotherapy over placebo in rabbits and nonhuman primates. No study found significant improvement in survival with combination antitoxin and antimicrobial therapy compared to antimicrobial monotherapy. Case reports and case series described 25 patients with systemic anthrax disease treated with antitoxins; 17 survived. Animal studies that used antitoxin monotherapy as postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) demonstrated significant improvement in survival over placebo, with greatest improvements coming with early administration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Limited human and animal evidence indicates that adjunctive antitoxin treatment may improve survival from systemic anthrax infection. Antitoxins may also provide an alternative therapy to antimicrobials for treatment or PEP during an intentional anthrax incident that could involve a multidrug-resistant B. anthracis strain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T18:49:22Z","timestamp":1666032562000},"page":"S432-S440","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Antitoxin Use in the Prevention and Treatment of Anthrax Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth M","family":"Hesse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shana","family":"Godfred-Cato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6538-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William A","family":"Bower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022113009194609600_ciac532-B1","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022113009194609600_ciac532-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020353","article-title":"Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings","volume":"8","author":"Jernigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022113009194609600_ciac532-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6285-8.00134-9","volume-title":"Infectious diseases","author":"Doganay","year":"2017","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2022113009194609600_ciac532-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60573-9","article-title":"Health Protection Scotland Anthrax Clinical Network. 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