{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:53:53Z","timestamp":1787871233642,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anthrax is endemic to many countries, including the United States. The causative agent, Bacillus anthracis, poses a global bioterrorism threat. Without effective antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis (PEPAbx) and treatment, the mortality of systemic anthrax is high. To inform clinical guidelines for PEPAbx and treatment of B. anthracis infections in humans, we systematically evaluated animal anthrax treatment model studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We searched for survival outcome data in 9 scientific search engines for articles describing antimicrobial PEPAbx or treatment of anthrax in animals in any language through February 2019. We performed meta-analyses of efficacy of antimicrobial PEPAbx and treatment for each drug or drug combination using random-effects models. Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic relationships were developed for 5 antimicrobials with available pharmacokinetic data. Monte Carlo simulations were used to predict unbound drug exposures in humans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We synthesized data from 34 peer-reviewed studies with 3262 animals. For PEPAbx and treatment of infection by susceptible B. anthracis, effective monotherapy can be accomplished with fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, \u03b2-lactams (including penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and imipenem-cilastatin), and lipopeptides or glycopeptides. For naturally occurring strains, unbound drug exposures in humans were predicted to adequately cover the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs; those required to inhibit the growth of 50% or 90% of organisms [MIC50 or MIC90]) for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and doxycycline for both the PEPAbx and treatment targets. Dalbavancin covered its MIC50 for PEPAbx.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These animal studies show many reviewed antimicrobials are good choices for PEPAbx or treatment of susceptible B. anthracis strains, and some are also promising options for combating resistant strains. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that oral ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and doxycycline are particularly robust choices for PEPAbx or treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T18:49:11Z","timestamp":1666032551000},"page":"S379-S391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Postexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment of <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i> Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses of Animal Models, 1947\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Jordan L","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen B","family":"Bulitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy , Orlando, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Chatham-Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Development and Disability, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa K","family":"Person","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, CDC Fellowship Program, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thitipong","family":"Mongkolrattanothai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, CDC Fellowship Program, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunjeong","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy , Orlando, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria E","family":"Negron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6538-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William A","family":"Bower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia , 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