{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:23:52Z","timestamp":1770729832383,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019546","name":"Einstein-Rockefeller-CUNY Center for AIDS Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30-AI124414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI124414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019546","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Einstein-Montefiore Clinical and Translational Science","award":["UL1TH001073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TH001073"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI143453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI143453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI118511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI118511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000403","name":"Meningitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1604.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1604.0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000403","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sir Ratanji Dallal Trust"},{"name":"St Georges NHS Trust Charity"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CL-2019\u201316-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CL-2019\u201316-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP-2017-08-ST2-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-2017-08-ST2-012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Science and National Research Foundation","award":["84177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["84177"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010753","name":"National Health Laboratory Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDC-RFA-GH15-1575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDC-RFA-GH15-1575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010753","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia (positive blood cryptococcal antigen [CrAg]) is associated with increased mortality in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) even after adjusting for CD4 count and despite receiving antifungal treatment. The association of antibody immunity with mortality in adults with HIV with cryptococcal antigenemia is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cryptococcal capsular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM)- and naturally occurring \u03b2-glucans (laminarin, curdlan)-binding antibodies were measured in blood samples of 197 South Africans with HIV who underwent CrAg screening and were followed up to 6 months. Associations between antibody titers, CrAg status, and all-cause mortality were sought using logistic and Cox regression, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared with CrAg-negative individuals (n = 130), CrAg-positive individuals (n = 67) had significantly higher IgG1 (median, 6672; interquartile range [IQR], 4696\u201310 414 vs 5343, 3808\u20137722 \u03bcg\/mL; P = .007), IgG2 (1467, 813\u20132607 vs 1036, 519\u20132012 \u03bcg\/mL; P = .01), and GXM-IgG (1:170, 61\u2013412 vs 1:117, 47\u2013176; P = .0009) and lower curdlan-IgG (1:47, 11\u2013133 vs 1:93, 40\u2013206; P = .01) titers. GXM-IgG was associated directly with cryptococcal antigenemia adjusted for CD4 count and antiretroviral therapy use (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 2.22). Among CrAg-positive individuals, GXM-IgG was inversely associated with mortality at 6 months adjusted for CD4 count and tuberculosis (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% CI, .33 to .77).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The inverse association of GXM-IgG with mortality in CrAg-positive individuals suggests that GXM-IgG titer may have prognostic value in those individuals. Prospective longitudinal studies to investigate this hypothesis and identify mechanisms by which antibody may protect against mortality are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T06:48:56Z","timestamp":1659422936000},"page":"649-657","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association of Antibody Immunity With Cryptococcal Antigenemia and Mortality in a South African Cohort With Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5050-6876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunah","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel M","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , London , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio S","family":"Nakouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, New York , USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilir","family":"Agalliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, New York , USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline T","family":"Tiemessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service , Johannesburg , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelesh P","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa"},{"name":"MRC Center for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter , Exeter , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph N","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership , Botswana , Southern Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas S","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St George\u2019s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , London , United Kingdom"},{"name":"MRC Center for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter , Exeter , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liise-anne","family":"Pirofski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of 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