{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:55:34Z","timestamp":1786967734295,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), linked to antecedent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is associated with considerable morbidity. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by vaccination might also decrease MIS-C likelihood.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In a multicenter, case-control, public health investigation of children ages 5\u201318 years hospitalized from 1 July 2021 to 7 April 2022, we compared the odds of being fully vaccinated (2 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine \u226528 days before hospital admission) between MIS-C case-patients and hospital-based controls who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. These associations were examined by age group, timing of vaccination, and periods of Delta and Omicron variant predominance using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n We compared 304 MIS-C case-patients (280 [92%] unvaccinated) with 502 controls (346 [69%] unvaccinated). MIS-C was associated with decreased likelihood of vaccination (adjusted OR [aOR]: .16; 95% CI: .10\u2013.26), including among children ages 5\u201311 years (aOR: .22; 95% CI: .10\u2013.52), ages 12\u201318 years (aOR: .10; 95% CI: .05\u2013.19), and during the Delta (aOR: .06; 95% CI: .02\u2013.15) and Omicron (aOR: .22; 95% CI: .11\u2013.42) variant-predominant periods. This association persisted beyond 120 days after the second dose (aOR: .08; 95% CI: .03\u2013.22) in 12\u201318-year-olds. Among all MIS-C case-patients, 187 (62%) required intensive care unit admission and 280 (92%) vaccine-eligible case-patients were unvaccinated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Vaccination with 2 doses of BNT162b2 is associated with reduced likelihood of MIS-C in children ages 5\u201318 years. Most vaccine-eligible hospitalized patients with MIS-C were unvaccinated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T07:49:50Z","timestamp":1659599390000},"page":"e90-e100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 is Associated With a Decreased Likelihood of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Aged 5\u201318 Years\u2014United States, July 2021 \u2013 April 2022"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura D","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret M","family":"Newhams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0589-5766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha M","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha B","family":"Halasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley M","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber O","family":"Orzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron C","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A","family":"Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital , Houston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila C","family":"Sahni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Immunization Project, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital , Houston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline B","family":"Maddux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E","family":"Bline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital , Columbus, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kamidani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko M","family":"Tarquinio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Chiotos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa L","family":"Cullimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina M","family":"Heidemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University , Detroit, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte V","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan A","family":"Nofziger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children\u2019s Hospital , Akron, Ohio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia S","family":"Pannaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UC San Diego\u2013Rady Children\u2019s Hospital , San Diego, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracie C","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital , Chapel Hill, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie P","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital , Chapel Hill, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly N","family":"Michelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bria M","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi R","family":"Flori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children\u2019s Hospital and University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth H","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Smallcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shira J","family":"Gertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center , Livingston, New Jersey , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samina S","family":"Bhumbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara T","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children\u2019s Hospital of New Orleans , New Orleans, Louisiana , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily R","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Irby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital , Little Rock, Arkansas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie Z","family":"Cvijanovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt S","family":"Zinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Critical Care Medicine and Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Bowens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children\u2019s Medical Center, Dallas, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Crandall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet R","family":"Hume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children\u2019s Hospital , Minneapolis, Minnesota , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish M","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela P","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team , Atlanta, Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne G","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"},{"name":"Departments of Anesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Overcoming COVID-19 Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Murdock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Glas","family":"Gaspers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katri V","family":"Typpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor P","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Irby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald C","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masson","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katheryn","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie Z","family":"Cvijanovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldina","family":"Lionetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Murcia-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt S","family":"Zinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Villarreal-Chico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia S","family":"Pannaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam L","family":"Skura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hakimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yea Ji","family":"Sea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennis-Grace","family":"Mrotek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline B","family":"Maddux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin M","family":"Lockwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Port","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imogene","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon M","family":"Chatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kamidani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko M","family":"Tarquinio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Hussaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Baida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly N","family":"Michelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bria M","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone T","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan A","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samina S","family":"Bhumbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney M","family":"Rowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Stumpf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara T","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marla S","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne G","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret M","family":"Newhams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suden","family":"Kucukak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber O","family":"Orzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron C","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina R","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J","family":"Boutselis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy P","family":"McCadden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasey R","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edie","family":"Weller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Berbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina M","family":"Heidemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi R","family":"Flori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet R","family":"Hume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen R","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lexie A","family":"Goertzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily R","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supriya","family":"Behl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noelle M","family":"Drapeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte V","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lora","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lacy","family":"Malloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia Austin","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidinma A","family":"Chikere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Kietzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa L","family":"Cullimore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie H","family":"Rinehart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren A","family":"Hoody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shira J","family":"Gertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie P","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracie C","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paris C","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan A","family":"Nofziger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole A","family":"Twinem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merry L","family":"Tomcany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Allen","family":"Staat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea C","family":"Rohlfs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Bline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Chiotos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathlyn","family":"Phengchomphet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth H","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan M","family":"Bickford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E","family":"Wakefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Smallcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha B","family":"Halasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haya","family":"Hayek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yesenia","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A","family":"Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila C","family":"Sahni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer N","family":"Oates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Maamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Bowens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Crandall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley M","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela P","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish M","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021680","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents","volume":"383","author":"Feldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.0630","article-title":"Trends in geographic and temporal distribution of US children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"175","author":"Belay","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021756","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York state","volume":"383","author":"Dufort","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B4","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7126e2","article-title":"Interim recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines in children aged 6 months\u20135 years\u2014United States, June 2022","volume":"71","author":"Fleming-Dutra","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107456","article-title":"Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in adolescents","volume":"385","author":"Frenck","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2117995","article-title":"Effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccine against critical COVID-19 in adolescents","volume":"386","author":"Olson","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2202826","article-title":"BNT162b2 protection against the Omicron variant in children and adolescents","volume":"386","author":"Price","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7102e1","article-title":"Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccination against multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children among persons aged 12\u201318 years\u2014United States, July\u2013December 2021","volume":"71","author":"Zambrano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7045e1","article-title":"The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2019 interim recommendation for use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in children aged 5\u201311 years\u2014United States, November 2021","volume":"70","author":"Woodworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7106a4","article-title":"Genomic surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 variants: predominance of the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants\u2014United States, June 2021\u2013January 2022","volume":"71","author":"Lambrou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B13","author":"Office of the Federal Register","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.026","article-title":"The case test-negative design for studies of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine","volume":"31","author":"Foppa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001366","article-title":"Theoretical framework for retrospective studies of the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines","volume":"32","author":"Lewnard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab687","article-title":"Effectiveness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger RNA vaccines for preventing coronavirus disease 2019 hospitalizations in the United States","volume":"74","author":"Tenforde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.19499","article-title":"Association between mRNA vaccination and COVID-19 hospitalization and disease severity","volume":"326","author":"Tenforde","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B18","volume-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","author":"CDC Health Alert Network","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00028-1","article-title":"Reported cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children aged 12\u201320 years in the USA who received a COVID-19 vaccine, December, 2020, through August, 2021: a surveillance investigation","volume":"6","author":"Yousaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B20","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7107e4","article-title":"Hospitalizations of children and adolescents with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19\u2014COVID-NET, 14 states, July 2021\u2013January 2022","volume":"71","author":"Marks","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.23262","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children by COVID-19 vaccination status of adolescents in France","volume":"327","author":"Levy","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00100-6","article-title":"Incidence and clinical phenotype of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant by vaccination status: a Danish nationwide prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Nygaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B24","first-page":"2210","article-title":"Association of prior BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents during omicron predominance","volume-title":"JAMA","author":"Fleming-Dutra","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.7315","article-title":"Protecting children against omicron","volume":"327","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.7319","article-title":"Risk of infection and hospitalization among vaccinated and unvaccinated children and adolescents in New York after the emergence of the Omicron variant","volume":"327","author":"Dorabawila","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023020817082115100_ciac637-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874687","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.874687","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination in pediatric population: a necessity or obstruction to the protection of the right to health? Biojuridical perspective","volume":"10","author":"Bilotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"}],"container-title":["Clinical Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac637\/45485963\/ciac637.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/76\/3\/e90\/49125158\/ciac637.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article-pdf\/76\/3\/e90\/49125158\/ciac637.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T17:44:38Z","timestamp":1675878278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/76\/3\/e90\/6655523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac637","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-4838","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-6591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]}}}