{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:54:29Z","timestamp":1790200469102,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["221003\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221003\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"WHO AFRO"},{"name":"African Society of Laboratory Medicine"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"(CDC)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UK Department of Health and Social Care"},{"name":"Fleming Fund"},{"name":"National Institute of Communicable Diseases"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In South Africa, 19% of adults are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; LWH). Few data on the influence of HIV on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) household transmission are available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a case-ascertained, prospective household transmission study of symptomatic adult index SARS-CoV-2 cases LWH and not living with HIV (NLWH) and their contacts from October 2020 to September 2021. Households were followed up 3 times a week for 6 weeks to collect nasal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 testing. We estimated household cumulative infection risk (HCIR) and duration of SARS-CoV-2 positivity (at a cycle threshold value &amp;lt;30 as proxy for high viral load).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HCIR was 59% (220 of 373), not differing by index HIV status (60% LWH vs 58% NLWH). HCIR increased with index case age (35\u201359 years: adjusted OR [aOR], 3.4; 95% CI, 1.5\u20137.8 and \u226560 years: aOR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.0\u201310.1) compared with 18\u201334 years and with contacts\u2019 age, 13\u201317 years (aOR, 7.1; 95% CI, 1.5\u201333.9) and 18\u201334 years (aOR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.0\u201318.4) compared with &amp;lt;5 years. Mean positivity was longer in cases LWH (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.4; 95% CI, .1\u2013.9).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Index HIV status was not associated with higher HCIR, but cases LWH had longer positivity duration. Adults aged &amp;gt;35 years were more likely to transmit and individuals aged 13\u201334 to be infected SARS-CoV-2 in the household. As HIV infection may increase transmission, health services must maintain HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy initiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T11:39:21Z","timestamp":1659613161000},"page":"e71-e81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Household Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Adult Index Cases With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus in South Africa, 2020\u20132021: A Case-Ascertained, Prospective, Observational Household Transmission Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7081-6273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackie","family":"Kleynhans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service , 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