{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:19:44Z","timestamp":1791559184892,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Influenza Centre"},{"name":"University of Bergen"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010586","name":"Haukeland University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016190","name":"Trond Mohn Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TMS2020TMT05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMS2020TMT05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Care Services"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["284930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["284930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EU IMI115672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU IMI115672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FLUCOP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FLUCOP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IMI2 101007799 Inno4Vac"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMI2 101007799 Inno4Vac"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["H2020 874866 INCENTIVE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 874866 INCENTIVE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["H2020 101037867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 101037867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine","award":["ERA-NETet EuroNanoMed2 JTC2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-NETet EuroNanoMed2 JTC2016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005366","name":"University of Oslo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101563"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The burden and duration of persistent symptoms after nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess postinfection symptom trajectories in home-isolated COVID-19 cases compared with age- and time- matched seronegative controls, and investigate immunological correlates of long COVID.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A prospective case-control study included home-isolated COVID-19 cases between February 28 and April 4, 2020, and followed for 12 (n = 233) to 18 (n = 149) months, and 189 age-matched severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-naive controls. We collected clinical data at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months postinfection, and blood samples at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months for analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular responses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, 46% (108\/233) had persisting symptoms 12 months after COVID-19. Compared with controls, adult cases had a high risk of fatigue (27% excess risk, sex, and comorbidity adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.27\u201310.5), memory problems (21% excess risk; aOR 7.42; CI, 3.51\u201315.67), concentration problems (20% excess risk; aOR 8.88; 95% CI, 3.88\u201320.35), and dyspnea (10% excess risk; aOR 2.66; 95% CI, 1.22\u20135.79). The prevalence of memory problems increased overall from 6 to 18 months (excess risk 11.5%; 95% CI, 1.5\u201321.5; P = .024) and among women (excess risk 18.7%; 95% CI, 4.4\u201332.9; P = .010). Longitudinal spike immunoglobulin G was significantly associated with dyspnea at 12 months. The spike-specific clonal CD4+ T-cell receptor \u03b2 depth was significantly associated with both dyspnea and number of symptoms at 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study documents a high burden of persisting symptoms after mild COVID-19 and suggests that infection induced SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses may influence long-term symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T12:01:01Z","timestamp":1660305661000},"page":"e60-e70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Symptom Burden and Immune Dynamics 6 to 18 Months Following Mild Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection (SARS-CoV-2): A Case-control Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth 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