{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:39:35Z","timestamp":1791819575172,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI068634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI068634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI068636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI068636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1AI106701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1AI106701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24DA034621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24DA034621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We sought to characterize in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) the potential etiologies of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, which are common and often unexplained.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants from the longitudinal observational AIDS Clinical Trials Group HAILO cohort without a history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection nor reported heavy alcohol use were included. Clinical and demographic characteristics, including medication use, the hepatic steatosis index (HSI), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were compared between participants with and without ALT elevation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Six hundred sixty-two participants were included; 444 (67%) had \u22651 and 229 (35%) \u22652 consecutive ALT elevations during a median of 4.0 years of follow-up. HSI and Hispanic or other (non-White or Black) race\/ethnicity were consistently associated with higher odds of abnormal ALT (odds ratio [OR] 1.1 for HSI as a continuous variable, OR 1.9\u20132.8 for Hispanic\/other race\/ethnicity for \u22651 or \u22652 ALT elevations); older age and current smoking were associated with lower odds of abnormal ALT. Associations with metabolic disease, as well as with incident HBV and HCV infection, were strengthened by restricting outcomes to persistent and higher degrees of ALT elevation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ALT elevation was common in this cohort of PWH and associated with metabolic disease and hepatic steatosis markers. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is likely a common cause of liver inflammation in PWH receiving suppressive antiretrovirals, deserving targeted diagnosis and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T04:44:34Z","timestamp":1662007474000},"page":"e571-e579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Liver Inflammation Is Common and Linked to Metabolic Derangements in Persons With Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Kara W","family":"Chew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles , California , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Tassiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Frank J","family":"Palella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7721-6975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Naggie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Netanya S","family":"Utay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar T","family":"Overton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine , Birmingham, Alabama , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Sulkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023053119094729800_ciac708-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60604-8","article-title":"Trends in underlying causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011 (D:A:D): a multicohort 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